{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:52:15Z","timestamp":1784332335452,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIS-144301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIS-144301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIS-144302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIS-144302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMN-139150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMN-139150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMN-139149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMN-139149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIS-144304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIS-144304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMN-139148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMN-139148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIS-144303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIS-144303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMN-139151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMN-139151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005300","name":"American Chemical Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024491","name":"Institut Universitaire sur les D\u00e9pendances","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsatjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T19:29:32Z","timestamp":1680204572000},"page":"209031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Differential effect of cannabis use on opioid agonist treatment outcomes: Exploratory analyses from the OPTIMA study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2260-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Elkrief","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Bastien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2787-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"McAnulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5403-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamzah","family":"Bakouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Olivier","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2556-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Eugenia","family":"Socias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6406-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Le Foll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7587-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0296-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Ledjiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Marsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Brissette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-508X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Jutras-Aswad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Bornemisza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Bouman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monty","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Gursky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Vezina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cam","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvis","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Ahamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paxton","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupinder","family":"Brar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Fairbairn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Fairgrieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Habibian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhpreet","family":"Klaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonaid Christine","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit","family":"Prinsloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Bozinoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafna","family":"Kahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Lagzdins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Barbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bruneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"Maynard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis-Christophe","family":"Juteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00309-y","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of long-term patients receiving opioid agonist therapy: A nested prospective cohort study in Norway","volume":"15","author":"Aas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13069","article-title":"Method for successfully inducting individuals who use illicit fentanyl onto Buprenorphine\/Naloxone","volume":"30","author":"Antoine","year":"2021","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000406","article-title":"Does cannabis use influence opioid outcomes and quality of life among buprenorphine maintained patients? A cross-sectional, comparative study","volume":"12","author":"Bagra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108005","article-title":"The impact of naturalistic cannabis use on self-reported opioid withdrawal","volume":"113","author":"Bergeria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239996734","article-title":"Cannabis use in relation to illicit drug use and health problems among opiate misusers in treatment","volume":"18","author":"Best","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.013","article-title":"The effects of dronabinol during detoxification and the initiation of treatment with extended release naltrexone","volume":"154","author":"Bisaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.3\/tcicero","article-title":"The prescription opioid epidemic: A review of qualitative studies on the progression from initial use to abuse","volume":"19","author":"Cicero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.046870","article-title":"Modulation of oral morphine antinociceptive tolerance and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs by oral Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"305","author":"Cichewicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0050","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: A systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Connock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109077","article-title":"Associations between fentanyl use and initiation, persistence, and retention on medications for opioid use disorder among people living with uncontrolled HIV disease","volume":"228","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.013","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment for opioid use disorder: A national, five-year, prospective, observational study in England","volume":"176","author":"Eastwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.45.4.709","article-title":"Marijuana use by heroin abusers as a factor in program retention","volume":"45","author":"Ellner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12183","article-title":"No evidence for reduction of opioid-withdrawal symptoms by cannabis smoking during a methadone dose taper","volume":"24","author":"Epstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0075","article-title":"Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal","volume":"2","author":"Gowing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06831-4","article-title":"Influence of opioid prescription policy on overdoses and related adverse effects in a primary care population","volume":"36","author":"Harder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.031","article-title":"Polydrug use disorders in individuals with opioid use disorder","volume":"198","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.12.006","article-title":"Cannabidiol: Swinging the marijuana pendulum from \u201cweed\u201d to medication to treat the opioid epidemic","volume":"40","author":"Hurd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101191","article-title":"Cannabidiol for the reduction of cue-induced craving and anxiety in drug-abstinent individuals with heroin use disorder: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"176","author":"Hurd","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15087","article-title":"Global opioid agonist treatment: A review of clinical practices by country","volume":"115","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.21090964","article-title":"Flexible buprenorphine\/naloxone model of care for reducing opioid use in individuals with prescription-type opioid use disorder: An open-label, pragmatic, noninferiority randomized controlled trial","author":"Jutras-Aswad","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00592","article-title":"Craving in opioid use disorder: From neurobiology to clinical practice","volume":"10","author":"Kakko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000712","article-title":"The opioid overdose crisis as a global health challenge","volume":"34","author":"Krausz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0120","article-title":"The cannabis-dependent relationship between methadone treatment dose and illicit opioid use in a community-based cohort of people who use drugs","author":"Lake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101939","article-title":"The relationship between cannabis use and patient outcomes in medication-based treatment of opioid use disorder: A systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Lake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02249.x","article-title":"Key findings from the WHO collaborative study on substitution therapy for opioid dependence and HIV\/AIDS","volume":"103","author":"Lawrinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110065","article-title":"Opioid-sparing effects of cannabinoids: Myth or reality?","volume":"106","author":"Le Foll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29469-6","article-title":"Opioid and cannabinoid modulation of precipitated withdrawal in delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine-dependent mice","volume":"298","author":"Lichtman","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9344753.x","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial","volume":"93","author":"Ling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.002","article-title":"Opioid withdrawal suppression efficacy of oral dronabinol in opioid dependent humans","volume":"164","author":"Lofwall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0155","author":"London"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0183-9","article-title":"Rationale for cannabis-based interventions in the opioid overdose crisis","volume":"14","author":"Lucas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0165","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence","volume":"2","author":"Mattick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub3","article-title":"Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence","volume":"2","author":"Mattick","year":"2008","journal-title":"TheCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E665","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20190026","article-title":"Cannabis use during methadone maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"McBrien","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.002","article-title":"Assessing craving and its relationship to subsequent prescription opioid use among treatment-seeking prescription opioid dependent patients","volume":"145","author":"McHugh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263583","article-title":"\u201cI got a bunch of weed to help me through the withdrawals\u201d: Naturalistic cannabis use reported in online opioid and opioid recovery community discussion forums","volume":"17","author":"Meacham","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000399","article-title":"Effects of craving on opioid use are attenuated after pain coping counseling in adults with chronic pain and prescription opioid addiction","volume":"87","author":"Messina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.03.013","article-title":"Chronic cannabis use does not affect the normalization of hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis induced by methadone in heroin addicts","volume":"31","author":"Nava","year":"2007","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.51","article-title":"Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17040413","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of prescription opioid use disorder in the United States","volume":"175","author":"Olfson","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.395","article-title":"Methadone dose increase and abstinence reinforcement for treatment of continued heroin use during methadone maintenance","volume":"57","author":"Preston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00468-6","article-title":"The association between cannabis use and outcome in pharmacological treatment for opioid use disorder","volume":"18","author":"Rosic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S129480","article-title":"The impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders on methadone maintenance treatment in opioid use disorder: A prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Rosic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"issue":"50 & 51","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1","article-title":"Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2010\u20132015","volume":"65","author":"Rudd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.04.034","article-title":"Cannabinoid and opioid interactions: Implications for opiate dependence and withdrawal","volume":"248","author":"Scavone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.78","article-title":"The association between health conditions and cannabis use in patients with opioid use disorder receiving methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"5","author":"Shams","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2018.04.001","article-title":"The OPTIMA study, buprenorphine\/naloxone and methadone models of care for the treatment of prescription opioid use disorder: Study design and rationale","volume":"69","author":"Socias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108420","article-title":"Cannabis use is associated with reduced risk of exposure to fentanyl among people on opioid agonist therapy during a community-wide overdose crisis","volume":"219","author":"Soc\u00edas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14398","article-title":"High-intensity cannabis use is associated with retention in opioid agonist treatment: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"113","author":"Soc\u00edas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15954","article-title":"Impact of fentanyl use on initiation and discontinuation of methadone and buprenorphine\/naloxone among people with prescription-type opioid use disorder: Secondary analysis of a Canadian treatment trial","author":"Socias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0260","first-page":"121","article-title":"In search of a universal drug craving scale","author":"Somoza","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0265","article-title":"Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"357","author":"Sordo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0228.x","article-title":"Brief report: Buprenorphine retention in primary care","volume":"20","author":"Stein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06298.x","article-title":"The clinical significance of drug craving","volume":"1248","author":"Tiffany","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20846","article-title":"The epidemic of fentanyl misuse and overdoses: Challenges and strategies","volume":"20","author":"Volkow","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194105","article-title":"A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values","volume":"14","author":"Wagenmakers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000486","article-title":"Impact of fentanyl use on buprenorphine treatment retention and opioid abstinence","volume":"13","author":"Wakeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2003.10400007","article-title":"The clinical opiate withdrawal scale (COWS)","volume":"35","author":"Wesson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.91934","article-title":"Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds","volume":"03","author":"Whelan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.10.001","article-title":"Heroin craving and its correlations with clinical outcome indicators in people with heroin dependence receiving methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"65","author":"Yen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109006","article-title":"Buprenorphine\/naloxone associated with a reduced odds of fentanyl exposure among a cohort of people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"228","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13462","article-title":"Buprenorphine compared with methadone to treat pregnant women with opioid use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of safety in the mother, fetus and child","volume":"111","author":"Zedler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-017-0130-1","article-title":"Association between cannabis use and methadone maintenance treatment outcomes: An investigation into sex differences","volume":"8","author":"Zielinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biology of Sex Differences"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949875923000814?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949875923000814?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1762652387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949875923000814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S2949875923000814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-8759","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Differential effect of cannabis use on opioid agonist treatment outcomes: Exploratory analyses from the OPTIMA study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"209031"}}