{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T09:40:53Z","timestamp":1758102053935,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsatjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T06:58:09Z","timestamp":1753945089000},"page":"209767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bacterial infections risk scale for injection drug use: A brief screener to identify skin and soft tissue infection risk for people who inject drugs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Dominguez Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashly E.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izza","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Harocopos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0459-7","article-title":"Investigating the impact of poverty on colonization and infection with drug-resistant organisms in humans: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Alividza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1300\/J465v28n03_03","article-title":"Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT)","volume":"28","author":"Babor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Substance Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00447-3","article-title":"Predictors of skin and soft tissue infections among sample of rural residents who inject drugs","volume":"17","author":"Baltes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4800","article-title":"Population-level health effects of involuntary displacement of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness who inject drugs in US cities","volume":"329","author":"Barocas","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103554","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and the health of people who use illicit opioids in New York City, the first 12 months","volume":"101","author":"Bennett","year":"2022","journal-title":"The International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.924","article-title":"Drug users seeking emergency care for soft tissue infection at high risk for subsequent hospitalization and death","volume":"69","author":"Binswanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042616629513","article-title":"Survey design elements as influences on estimates of self-reported illicit substance use and other illegal activities","volume":"46","author":"Bowman-Bowen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac543","article-title":"Estimated number of people who inject drugs in the United States","volume":"76","author":"Bradley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12623","article-title":"Syringe services programs in the Bluegrass: Evidence of population health benefits using Kentucky Medicaid data","volume":"38","author":"Bushling","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Rural Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2020.10.006","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infections in persons who inject drugs","volume":"35","author":"Chambers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.009","article-title":"Nationwide increase in hospitalizations for heroin-related soft tissue infections: Associations with structural market conditions","volume":"163","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa823","article-title":"Hospital costs of injection drug use in Florida","volume":"72","author":"Coye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1023450","article-title":"Correlates of skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users in a syringe-exchange program in Malm\u00f6, Sweden","volume":"50","author":"Dahlman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2016.1263592","article-title":"Behavioral characteristics and injection practices associated with skin and soft tissue infections among people who inject drugs: A community-based observational study","volume":"38","author":"Dahlman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Substance Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20161717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1717","article-title":"Screening in primary care: What is the best way to identify at-risk youth for substance use?","volume":"138","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30325-5","article-title":"Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"16","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00057-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of injecting drug use, prevalence of injecting-related harm, and exposure to behavioural and environmental risks among people who inject drugs: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00575-4","article-title":"Is your syringe services program cost-saving to society? A methodological case study","volume":"18","author":"Des Jarlais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0095","series-title":"Basic needs among people who use opioids in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"Vol. 131","author":"Dominguez-Gomez","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108080","article-title":"Factors associated with skin and soft tissue infections among people who inject drugs in the United Kingdom: A comparative examination of data from two surveys","volume":"213","author":"Doran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.020","article-title":"Association between harm reduction intervention uptake and skin and soft tissue infections among people who inject drugs","volume":"174","author":"Dunleavy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00528-x","article-title":"Treatment experiences for skin and soft tissue infections among participants of syringe service programs in North Carolina","volume":"18","author":"Figgatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108589","article-title":"Medical provider stigma experienced by people who use drugs (MPS-PWUD): Development and validation of a scale among people who currently inject drugs in New York City","volume":"221","author":"Fong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00664-y","article-title":"Responding to a surge in overdose deaths: Perspectives from US syringe services programs","volume":"19","author":"Frost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03332-7","article-title":"Program adaptations to provide harm reduction services during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study of syringe services programs in the U.S","volume":"26","author":"Frost","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0130","first-page":"S135","article-title":"Social determinants and the health of drug users: Socioeconomic status, homelessness, and incarceration","volume":"117 Suppl 1","author":"Galea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"year":"2023","series-title":"A baseline report on the operation of the first recognized overdose prevention centers in the United States","author":"Gibson","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0135"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00717-y","article-title":"The nation\u2019s first publicly recognized overdose prevention centers: Lessons learned in New York City","volume":"100","author":"Giglio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0345-z","article-title":"Self-care habits among people who inject drugs with skin and soft tissue infections: A qualitative analysis","volume":"16","author":"Gilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab128","article-title":"The dynamics of infectious diseases associated with injection drug use in Lawrence and Lowell, Massachusetts","volume":"8","author":"Gonsalves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00369-0","article-title":"Navigating environmental constraints to injection preparation: The use of saliva and other alternatives to sterile water among unstably housed PWID in London","volume":"17","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-120","article-title":"Frequency, factors and costs associated with injection site infections: Findings from a national multi-site survey of injecting drug users in England","volume":"8","author":"Hope","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000934","article-title":"Low-threshold buprenorphine treatment in a syringe services program: Program description and outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Jakubowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Addict Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103198","article-title":"Association of skin infections with sharing of injection drug preparation equipment among people who inject drugs","volume":"94","author":"Jawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"The International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211063473","article-title":"Collecting data during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons from an in-person survey of people who use opioids","volume":"137","author":"Jessell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh189","article-title":"High rates of primary care and emergency department use among injection drug users in Vancouver","volume":"27","author":"Kerr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2015435","article-title":"Evaluation of an unsanctioned safe consumption site in the United States","volume":"383","author":"Kral","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-2-24","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of abscesses among a cohort of injection drug users","volume":"2","author":"Lloyd-Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.23.0341","article-title":"NYC\u2019s overdose prevention centers: Data from the first year of supervised consumption services","volume":"5","author":"McAteer","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM Catalyst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05895-1","article-title":"A two-component intervention to improve hand hygiene practices and promote alcohol-based hand rub use among people who inject drugs: A mixed-methods evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Mezaache","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.028","article-title":"Changes in supervised drug-injecting practices following a community-based educational intervention: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"192","author":"Mezaache","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103872","article-title":"Interventions to prevent HIV and Hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: Latest evidence of effectiveness from a systematic review (2011 to 2020)","volume":"109","author":"Palmateer","year":"2022","journal-title":"The International Journal on Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0390-3","article-title":"The syndemic of opioid misuse, overdose, HCV, and HIV: Structural-level causes and interventions","volume":"15","author":"Perlman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current HIV\/AIDS Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000346","article-title":"Risk factors associated with skin and soft tissue infections among hospitalized people who inject drugs","volume":"11","author":"Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3109\/00952991003592311","article-title":"Risk practices associated with bacterial infections among injection drug users in Denver, Colorado","volume":"36","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108646","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a brief behavioral intervention to reduce skin and soft tissue infections among people who inject drugs","volume":"221","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000559612.06067.55","article-title":"Nonviral injection-related injuries in persons who inject drugs: Skin and soft tissue infection, vascular damage, and wounds","volume":"32","author":"Pieper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Skin & Wound Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0240","article-title":"A scoping review on the effects of COVID-19 on syringe service programs in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Pietrantoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.02.2238","article-title":"High prevalence of abscesses and self-treatment among injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico","volume":"14","author":"Pollini","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8825","article-title":"Cellulitis: A review","volume":"316","author":"Raff","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2020.06.007","article-title":"Soft tissue, bone, and joint infections in people who inject drugs","volume":"34","author":"Saldana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244013509252","article-title":"Patient\u2013provider rapport in the health care of people who inject drugs","volume":"3","author":"Salvalaggio","year":"2013","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2020.1243","article-title":"Wounds and skin and soft tissue infections in people who inject drugs and the utility of syringe service programs in their management","volume":"10","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S554","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa439.1236","article-title":"1050. Hepatitis C infection amongst people who inject drugs (PWID): Injection practices and risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Sankar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S429","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa149","article-title":"National public health burden estimates of endocarditis and skin and soft-tissue infections related to injection drug use: A review","volume":"222","author":"See","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073743","article-title":"Brief mental health disorder screening questionnaires and use with public safety personnel: A review","volume":"18","author":"Shields","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000093","article-title":"High rates of abscesses and chronic wounds in community-recruited injection drug users and associated risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00524-1","article-title":"Injections and infections: Understanding syringe service program utilization in a rural state","volume":"18","author":"Thakarar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102866","article-title":"Injecting risk behaviours amongst people who inject drugs: A global multi-stage systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109543","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with hospitalisation for bacterial skin infections among people who inject drugs: The ETHOS Engage Study","volume":"237","author":"Wheeler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235350","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of abscesses and cellulitis, and their associations with other health outcomes, in a community-based study of people who inject drugs in London, UK","volume":"15","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767_bb0310","article-title":"A brief screening tool for opioid use disorder: EMPOWER study expert consensus protocol","volume":"8","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949875925001468?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949875925001468?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:04:13Z","timestamp":1758085453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949875925001468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S2949875925001468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8759"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2949-8759"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bacterial infections risk scale for injection drug use: A brief screener to identify skin and soft tissue infection risk for people who inject drugs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209767","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"209767"}}