{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:12:07Z","timestamp":1793211127467,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jsatjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T08:32:04Z","timestamp":1775809924000},"page":"209958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Adolescent outcomes of Post-operative opioid EXposure (APEX): Protocol for a multisite observational study"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Sharon","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Cravero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabeeh A.","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Brogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Chidambaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Mandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tori","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Brat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Agniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Hassler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machiko","family":"Minegishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Griffin","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinah Sher","family":"Gongora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Wosepka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elissa R.","family":"Weitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetha A.","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2018.1498113","article-title":"A developmental model of addictions: Integrating neurobiological and psychodynamic theories through the lens of attachment","volume":"21","author":"Alvarez-Monjaras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Attachment & Human Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0010","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","article-title":"DSM-5-TR Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-- Child Age 11\u201317","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1139","article-title":"Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population","volume":"8","author":"Arroll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Family Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.05.008","article-title":"Using confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate construct validity of the brief pain inventory (BPI)","volume":"41","author":"Atkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pain and Symptom Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108902","article-title":"Pediatric surgery and future risk of cocaine, opioid, cannabis, and other substance use in women: Longitudinal cohort study","volume":"226","author":"Auger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.05.006","article-title":"Correlates of nonmedical prescription opioid use among U.S. adolescents","volume":"57","author":"Barnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002261","article-title":"Long-term prescription opioid utilization, substance use disorders, and opioid overdoses after adolescent trauma","volume":"87","author":"Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1629-y","article-title":"Children\u2019s family experiences: Development of the PROMIS\u00ae pediatric family relationships measures","volume":"26","author":"Bevans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research: an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.005","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain are associated with opioid use disorder: Results from a 2012-2013 American nationally representative survey","volume":"188","author":"Bilevicius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0050","article-title":"Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: Retrospective cohort study","volume":"360","author":"Brat","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E273","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000002340","article-title":"Opioid Represcriptions after ACL reconstruction in adolescents are associated with subsequent opioid use disorder","volume":"43","author":"Cahan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108398","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of and characteristics associated with prescription opioid diversion among a clinic population living with HIV: Indirect and direct questioning techniques","volume":"219","author":"Canan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb9000","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics S"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0065","series-title":"Opioid Basics","article-title":"Understanding the opioid overdose epidemic","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0070","series-title":"Social Support for Adolescents Scale (SSAS)","author":"Center for HIV Identification Prevention and Treatment Services","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0075","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-051539","article-title":"Opioid prescribing to US children and young adults in 2019","volume":"148","author":"Chua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","article-title":"Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use","volume":"374","author":"Compton","year":"2016","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618773323","article-title":"A model of the intersection of pain and opioid misuse in children and adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Dash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032670","article-title":"PROMIS pediatric peer relationships scale: Development of a peer relationships item Bank as part of social health measurement","volume":"32","author":"DeWalt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychology\u202f: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0027","article-title":"Estimated blood alcohol concentrations for child and adolescent drinking and their implications for screening instruments","volume":"123","author":"Donovan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1350962","article-title":"Psychometrics of the child PTSD symptom scale for DSM-5 for trauma-exposed children and adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Foa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00070-X","article-title":"The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): Reliability of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, family history of depression and psychiatric diagnostic modules in a general population sample","volume":"71","author":"Grant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.07.007","article-title":"Associations between adolescent chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse in adulthood","volume":"20","author":"Groenewald","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4079-x","article-title":"Validation of the TAPS-1: A four-item screening tool to identify unhealthy substance use in primary care","volume":"32","author":"Gryczynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15487","article-title":"Opioid use disorder and overdose among youth following an initial opioid prescription","volume":"116","author":"Hadland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000055","article-title":"New English and Spanish social health measures will facilitate evaluating health determinants","volume":"33","author":"Hahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychology\u202f: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0135","article-title":"Prescription opioid use disorder among adults reporting prescription opioid use with or without misuse in the United States","volume":"85","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2439","article-title":"Persistent opioid use among pediatric patients after surgery","volume":"141","author":"Harbaugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.012","article-title":"The effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the risk of developing prescription opioid use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions III","volume":"179","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7412a2","article-title":"Controlled substance prescribing patterns among fatal overdose decedents with an opioid, stimulant, or both contributing to death \u2014 Pennsylvania, 2017\u20132022","volume":"74","author":"Hayden","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01617-y","article-title":"Label efficient phenotyping for long COVID using electronic health records","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digital Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad261","article-title":"Structured and unstructured social risk factor documentation in the electronic health record underestimates patients\u2019 self-reported risks","volume":"31","author":"Iott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-10-22","article-title":"Development of six PROMIS pediatrics proxy-report item banks","volume":"10","author":"Irwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0170","series-title":"Monitoring the future National Survey Results on drug use 1975\u20132021","author":"Johnston","year":"2022"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.1750","article-title":"Association of Nonmedical Prescription Opioid use with Subsequent Heroin use Initiation in adolescents","volume":"173","author":"Kelley-Quon","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.04.001","article-title":"Postoperative opioid use among opioid-naive Cannabis users following single-level lumbar fusions","volume":"175","author":"Khalid","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab018","article-title":"Validation of an internationally derived patient severity phenotype to support COVID-19 analytics from electronic health record data","volume":"28","author":"Klann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0357-1","article-title":"Development and psychometric properties of the PROMIS(\u00ae) pediatric fatigue item banks","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20182752","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2752","article-title":"Youth and the opioid epidemic","volume":"143","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.030","article-title":"Safety protocols for adolescent substance use research in clinical settings","volume":"68","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1803180","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of S2BI for identifying alcohol and cannabis use disorders among adolescents presenting for primary care","volume":"42","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Substance Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109026","article-title":"Validation of a single question for the assessment of past three-month alcohol consumption among adolescents","volume":"228","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.4.427","article-title":"Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls","volume":"289","author":"Lynskey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2239772","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39772","article-title":"Validity of the Single-Item Screen\u2013Cannabis (SIS-C) for cannabis use disorder screening in routine care","volume":"5","author":"Matson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02015.x","article-title":"Does early onset of non-medical use of prescription drugs predict subsequent prescription drug abuse and dependence? Results from a national study","volume":"102","author":"McCabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2387","article-title":"Trends in medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids among US adolescents: 1976-2015","volume":"139","author":"McCabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0079-2","article-title":"Understanding addiction as a developmental disorder: An argument for a developmentally informed multilevel approach","volume":"2","author":"McCrory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1364","article-title":"Prescription opioids in adolescence and future opioid misuse","volume":"136","author":"Miech","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2023.0760","article-title":"The incidence of opioid misuse among the surgical patients with persistent opioid use","volume":"19","author":"Namiranian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Opioid Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0250","author":"National Institute of Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0255","author":"National Institute of Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2144373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44373","article-title":"Prediction of suicide attempts using clinician assessment, patient self-report, and electronic health records","volume":"5","author":"Nock","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2023.11.010","article-title":"Factors associated with postoperative opioid use in adolescents","volume":"59","author":"Odegard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07686-z","article-title":"Population-based opioid prescribing and overdose deaths in the USA: An observational study","volume":"38","author":"Olfson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0275","unstructured":"OpenClinica\u00a0\u00bb Your Source for Clinical Trial Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2025, from https:\/\/www.openclinica.com\/."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13993","article-title":"Epidemiology of pediatric surgery in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Rabbitts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Anesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.018","article-title":"Subjective well-being measures for children were developed within the PROMIS project: Presentation of first results","volume":"67","author":"Ravens-Sieberer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E361","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003986","article-title":"Comparing clinician consensus recommendations to patient-reported opioid use across multiple hospital systems","volume":"275","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108537","article-title":"Using ICD-10-CM codes to detect illicit substance use: A comparison with retrospective self-report","volume":"221","author":"Rowe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.5419","article-title":"Association of Opioid Prescriptions from Dental Clinicians for US adolescents and young adults with subsequent opioid use and abuse","volume":"179","author":"Schroeder","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000199","article-title":"Pediatric pain screening tool (PPST): Rapid identification of risk in youth with pain complaints","volume":"156","author":"Simons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/ebm.12.5.149","article-title":"The 2-item generalized anxiety disorder scale had high sensitivity and specificity for detecting GAD in primary care","volume":"12","author":"Skapinakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001276","article-title":"Predictive models to assess risk of persistent opioid use, opioid use disorder, and overdose","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0320","series-title":"2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Final in-person specifications for programming (English version)","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524","article-title":"The pain catastrophizing scale: Development and validation","volume":"7","author":"Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2420370","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.20370","article-title":"Preoperative vs postoperative opioid prescriptions and prolonged opioid refills among US youths","volume":"7","author":"Sutherland","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005193","article-title":"High-risk opioid prescribing associated with postoperative new persistent opioid use in adolescents and young adults","volume":"277","author":"Vargas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.02.005","article-title":"PROMIS pediatric pain interference scale: An item response theory analysis of the pediatric pain item bank","volume":"11","author":"Varni","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01346-8","article-title":"Creation and validation of the 4-item BriefPCS-chronic through methodological triangulation","volume":"18","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.08.005","article-title":"NIH\u2019S helping to end addiction long-term initiative (NIH HEAL initiative) clinical pain management common data element program","volume":"23","author":"Wandner","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00081-X","article-title":"Overview of the SF-36 health survey and the international quality of life assessment (IQOLA) project","volume":"51","author":"Ware","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214552","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4552","article-title":"Trajectories of opioid use following first opioid prescription in opioid-naive youths and young adults","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949875926000780?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949875926000780?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T13:11:05Z","timestamp":1778937065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949875926000780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["S2949875926000780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-8759","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adolescent outcomes of Post-operative opioid EXposure (APEX): Protocol for a multisite observational study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2026.209958","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"209958"}}