{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T11:39:39Z","timestamp":1794483579377,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jsatjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:42:21Z","timestamp":1777610541000},"page":"210004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact of abstinence on employment, education, and health outcomes in Egyptian SUD rehabilitation clients: A three-year prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Ehab","family":"El Kharrat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Abuhegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2023.209034","article-title":"Use of residential opioid use disorder treatment among Medicaid enrollees in nine states","volume":"149","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41350-8","article-title":"Determinants of outpatient substance use disorder treatment length of stay and completion: The case of a treatment program in the South East U.S","volume":"13","author":"Baird","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790130081011","article-title":"Three therapeutic communities: A prospective controlled study of narcotic addiction treatment: process and two years follow-up results","volume":"41","author":"Bale","year":"1984","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.07.013","article-title":"Development and initial evaluation of the brief addiction monitor (BAM)","volume":"44","author":"Cacciola","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treatment."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0030","series-title":"Using outcome measures to improve your addiction treatment results & bottom line","author":"Conti","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0035","first-page":"104","article-title":"Is the therapeutic community an evidence-based treatment? What the evidence says","volume":"31","author":"DeLeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Therapeutic Communities"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1590\/0101-60830000000055","article-title":"The effectiveness of substance abuse treatment: Development of a brief questionnaire","volume":"42","author":"DeMoura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (S\u00e3o Paulo)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr018","article-title":"Level and change in alcohol consumption, depression and dysfunctional attitudes among females treated for alcohol addiction","volume":"46","author":"Gjestad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0050","series-title":"Treatment evaluation in practice","first-page":"6","article-title":"Treatment evaluation in the UK: The national treatment outcome research study","author":"Gossop","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0055","author":"Gov.UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0060","first-page":"100221","article-title":"Community-based substance use treatment programs for reentering justice-involved adults: A scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Graves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Depend Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0065","series-title":"Patient outcomes study: 12-Month follow-up data","author":"Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1258\/135581903322029476","article-title":"Criminal outcomes and costs of treatment services for injecting and non-injecting heroin users: evidence from a national prospective cohort survey","volume":"8","author":"Healey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Health Services Research and Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19920801-05","article-title":"Treatment of alcohol and drug addiction: Treatment outcomes for abstinence-based programs","volume":"22","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00130-2","article-title":"Overview of 5-year followup outcomes in the drug abuse treatment outcome studies (DATOS)","volume":"25","author":"Hubbard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.002","article-title":"Longitudinal predictors of addictions treatment utilization in treatment-naive adults with alcohol use disorders","volume":"119","author":"Ilgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0095","series-title":"Where there\u2019s smoke, there\u2019s fire: High quality evidence for long-term outcomes of 12-step mutual-help groups","author":"Kelly","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0100","series-title":"Length of stay on a drug rehabilitation centre in egypt as a predictor of the level of self esteem & level of dysfunctional attitudes among SUD clients: A cross-sectional study, counselling psychology","author":"Kostandy","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0105","series-title":"Substance abuse treatment outcomes: Findings from the University of Kentucky","author":"Leukefeld","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0110","series-title":"Kentucky Treatment Outcome Study (KTOS)","author":"Logan","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-021-00371-0","article-title":"Use of residential opioid use disorder treatment among Medicaid enrollees in nine states, a review of research-supported group treatments for drug use disorders","volume":"16","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0120","unstructured":"Lowinson, J. H. Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook. Lowinson, H, Ruiz, P., Millman, R. & Langrod, J. Lippincott. Williams &Wilkins (2005)."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0125","first-page":"332","article-title":"Improved patient outcomes and reduced wait times: Transforming a VA outpatient substance use disorder program","volume":"36","author":"McCormick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Federal Practitioner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108638","article-title":"The role of recovery housing during outpatient substance use treatment","volume":"133","author":"Mericle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20259","article-title":"Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: A 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals","volume":"62","author":"Moos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.3.257","article-title":"Effectiveness of community-based treatment for substance-abusing adolescents: 12-Month outcomes of youths entering Phoenix Academy or alternative probation dispositions","volume":"18","author":"Morral","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0145","series-title":"Statistics from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS). National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse (2012)","author":"National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0150","series-title":"Accredited Official Statistics, Substance Misuse Treatment for Adults, Statistics 2022 to 2023 Substance misuse treatment for adults: Statistics 2022 to 2023","author":"National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0155","author":"National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.513","article-title":"Influence of outpatient treatment and 12-step group involvement on one-year substance abuse treatment outcomes","volume":"59","author":"Ouimette","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.024","article-title":"Insights into the link between drug use and criminality: Lifetime offending of criminally-active opiate users","volume":"179","author":"Pierce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.3109\/10826081003791932","volume":"45","author":"Salamina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0180","series-title":"Best Practices for Recovery Housing","volume":"2023","author":"SAMHSA","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/002204268601600106","article-title":"Addiction careers: Etiology, treatment and 12-year follow up outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Simpson","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Journal of Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0190","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427817","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/427817","article-title":"Therapeutic communities for addictions: A review of their effectiveness from a recovery-oriented perspective","volume":"2013","author":"Vanderplasschen","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Scientific World Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0205","series-title":"Therapeutic communities for treating addicitions in Europe: evidence, current practices and future challenges","volume":"2014","author":"Vanderplasschen","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004_bb0210","series-title":"RECOVERY 20\/20 outcomes report","author":"Vista Research Group","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949875926001244?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949875926001244?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T11:10:05Z","timestamp":1794481805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949875926001244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S2949875926001244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-8759","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of abstinence on employment, education, and health outcomes in Egyptian SUD rehabilitation clients: A three-year prospective study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2026.210004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"210004"}}