{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:58:10Z","timestamp":1793620690481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81702181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81702181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81820108020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81820108020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Translation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T20:00:46Z","timestamp":1629144046000},"page":"28-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evolutionary course of the femoral head osteonecrosis: Histopathological - radiologic characteristics and clinical staging systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.01271","article-title":"Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: where do we stand today?: a 5-year update","volume":"102","author":"Mont","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2050-4","article-title":"Which factors influence preservation of the osteonecrotic femoral head?","volume":"470","author":"Lieberman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-008-0861-9","article-title":"The use of bisphosphonate in the treatment of avascular necrosis: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Cardozo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2018.10.001","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"50","author":"Cohen-Rosenblum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib5","article-title":"Prevalence of genetic risk factors related with thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Poland","volume":"14","author":"Gagala","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskel Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib6","first-page":"12","article-title":"Nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"277","author":"Arlet","year":"1992","journal-title":"Past, present, and future. Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199503000-00018","article-title":"Non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"77","author":"Mont","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib8","first-page":"16","article-title":"Systematic analysis of classification systems for osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"88","author":"Mont","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.244111","article-title":"Pericollapse stage of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a last chance for joint preservation","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-020-04550-9","article-title":"Intra-articular pathology affects outcomes after joint preserving surgery for osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"44","author":"Shoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-010-1121-6","article-title":"Histopathology of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease","volume":"35","author":"Mukisi-Mukaza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.12.031","article-title":"Biomechanical rationale for implant choices in femoral neck fracture fixation in the non-elderly","volume":"46","author":"Panteli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-2819-8","article-title":"Closed bone graft epiphysiodesis for avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis","volume":"471","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2010.06.014","article-title":"Early prediction of femoral head avascular necrosis following neck fracture","volume":"97","author":"Ehlinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-013-1200-7","article-title":"Outcome of unstable isolated fractures of the posterior acetabular wall associated with hip dislocation","volume":"24","author":"de Palma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181d76918","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in traumatic posterior hip dislocation","volume":"24","author":"Tannast","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1272-0","article-title":"Operative treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after proximal femur fractures in adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Barton\u00ed\u010dek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib18","first-page":"21","article-title":"Franchi. A. Definition of bone necrosis by the pathologist","volume":"4","author":"Fondi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1012926","article-title":"Clinical practice. Glucocorticoid-induced bone disease","volume":"365","author":"Weinstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9580-0","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis","volume":"41","author":"Weinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.11.005","article-title":"Non traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head is associated with low bone mass","volume":"107","author":"Gangji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.05.091","article-title":"The pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"671","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.217094","article-title":"Corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head: detection, diagnosis, and treatment in earlier stages","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.2414","article-title":"Notable difference between the development of vertebral fracture and osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients treated with high-dose glucocorticoids for systemic rheumatic diseases","volume":"48","author":"Kameda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2014.916490","article-title":"Corticosteroid administration within 2 weeks after renal transplantation affects the incidence of femoral head osteonecrosis","volume":"85","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.40-4-345","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the femoral head of laboratory animals: the lessons learned from a comparative study of osteonecrosis in man and experimental animals","volume":"40","author":"Boss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-004-0829-9","article-title":"Warfarin reduces the incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"9","author":"Wada","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20517","article-title":"Combined effects of an anticoagulant and a lipid-lowering agent on the prevention of steroid-induced osteonecrosis in rabbits","volume":"50","author":"Motomura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2010.00705.x","article-title":"Effects of an anticoagulant and a lipid-lowering agent on the prevention of steroid-induced osteonecrosis in rabbits","volume":"91","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2198-9","article-title":"A\u00a0case of systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as bilateral avascular necrosis of femur","volume":"9","author":"Adikari","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker277","article-title":"Incidence of osteonecrosis associated with corticosteroid therapy among different underlying diseases: prospective MRI study","volume":"50","author":"Shigemura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib32","first-page":"i114","article-title":"It hasn't gone away: the problem of glucocorticoid use in lupus remains","volume":"56","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-3075-y","article-title":"High triglyceride is a risk factor for silent osteonecrosis of the femoral head in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"34","author":"Kuroda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199307000-00039","article-title":"Fat embolism, intravascular coagulation, and osteonecrosis","volume":"292","author":"Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-013-1223-0","article-title":"Relationship between post-SARS osteonecrosis and PAI-1 4G\/5G gene polymorphisms","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2004.00224.x","article-title":"Histopathologic changes in dental and oral soft tissues in 2-butoxyethanol-induced hemolysis and thrombosis in rats\u2217","volume":"33","author":"Redlich","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199311000-00042","article-title":"The pathophysiologic role of fat in dysbaric osteonecrosis","volume":"296","author":"Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-003-0068-7","article-title":"Osteonecrosis in a chemically induced rat model of human hemolytic disorders associated with thrombosis\u2013a new model for avascular necrosis of bone","volume":"74","author":"Shabat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib39","first-page":"H931","article-title":"Adaptations of carotid arteries of young and mature rabbits to reduced carotid blood flow","volume":"256","author":"Langille","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365090-00014","article-title":"Bone histology in adults with aseptic necrosis. Histomorphometric evaluation of iliac biopsies in seventy-seven patients","volume":"65","author":"Arlot","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moo.0000127829.34643.fd","article-title":"Osteonecrosis: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30435-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of idiopathic osteonecrosis: the ubiquitous crescent sign","volume":"16","author":"Kenzora","year":"1985","journal-title":"Orthop Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199911000-00018","article-title":"Pathologic features in steroid and nonsteroid associated osteonecrosis","volume":"368","author":"Chernetsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib44","first-page":"237","article-title":"The arch structure of trabeculae in normal femoral head and its biomechanical significance","volume":"105","author":"Qiu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-1041-1","article-title":"Regional variations of bone quantity and quality impact femoral head collapse","volume":"468","author":"Zaino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3225-8","article-title":"Abnormal subchondral bone microstructure following steroid administration is involved in the early pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.47B4.749","article-title":"A\u00a0histological study of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after transcervical fracture","volume":"47","author":"Catto","year":"1965","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.47B4.777","article-title":"The histological appearances of late segmental collapse of the femoral head after transcervical fracture","volume":"47","author":"Catto","year":"1965","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.61B2.438261","article-title":"A\u00a0histological study of idiopathic avascular necrosis of the head of the femur","volume":"61","author":"Inoue","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050131","article-title":"Imaging of avascular necrosis of bone","volume":"7","author":"Imhof","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2006.02.007","article-title":"Hypoxia inhibits the growth, differentiation and bone-forming capacity of rat osteoblasts","volume":"312","author":"Utting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971050-00002","article-title":"The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"71","author":"Hauzeur","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib53","first-page":"741","article-title":"[Comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance and histology in necrosis of the femoral head]","volume":"56","author":"Hernigou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3669","article-title":"Acetabular labral tears and cartilage lesions of the hip: indirect MR arthrographic correlation with arthroscopy\u2013a preliminary study","volume":"194","author":"Zlatkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.03.014","article-title":"Predictive value of 3-T magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing grade 3 and 4 chondral lesions in the hip","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib56","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Imaging and histopathological aspects in aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"56","author":"Traistaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20010401-15","article-title":"The role of hip arthroscopy in the evaluation of avascular necrosis","volume":"24","author":"Ruch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640050348","article-title":"Non-traumatic necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"23","author":"Schwarz Lausten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib59","first-page":"3127","article-title":"Application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2016.8.1.1","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for the treatment of hip osteonecrosis: a 30-year review of progress","volume":"8","author":"Hernigou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6136205","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6136205","article-title":"Autologous stem cells combined core decompression for treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head: a systematic meta-analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20759","article-title":"Fate of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted to osteonecrosis of femoral head","volume":"27","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2019.0339","article-title":"Effect of allogeneic cell-based tissue engineered treatments in a sheep osteonecrosis model","volume":"26","author":"L\u00f3pez Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"17th\u201318th ed. Tissue Eng Part A"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib64","first-page":"14528","article-title":"Effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on the micro-environment of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(02)10","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of osteonecrosis of the femoral head after autologous bone marrow stem cell implantation: a meta-analysis of seven case-control studies","volume":"71","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"issue":"7228","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07547","article-title":"Endochondral ossification is required for haematopoietic stem-cell niche formation","volume":"457","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1514","article-title":"v-ATPase V0 subunit d2-deficient mice exhibit impaired osteoclast fusion and increased bone formation","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6065","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/321079a0","article-title":"In vitro osteoclast generation from different bone marrow fractions, including a highly enriched haematopoietic stem cell population","volume":"321","author":"Ben A.A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.2.257","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor BB secreted from osteoclasts acts as an osteoblastogenesis inhibitory factor","volume":"17","author":"Kubota","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib70","article-title":"Bone microstructure and regional distribution of osteoblast and osteoclast activity in the osteonecrotic femoral head","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1757-7861.2012.00192.x","article-title":"Chinese experts' consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adults","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.18334","article-title":"Analysis of early stage osteonecrosis of the human femoral head and the mechanism of femoral head collapse","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.1999.0324","article-title":"Articular cartilage nutrition is mediated by subchondral bone\u2013 a long-term autograft study in baboons","volume":"8","author":"Malinin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.72B5.2211774","article-title":"The structure of the human subchondral plate","volume":"72","author":"Clark","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200010000-00004","article-title":"Subchondral bone and cartilage disease: a rediscovered functional unit","volume":"35","author":"Imhof","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.10.001","article-title":"Solute transport in the deep and calcified zones of articular cartilage","volume":"16","author":"Arkill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16028","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.28","article-title":"Bone-cartilage crosstalk: a conversation for understanding osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"Findlay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970515)37:4<324::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"The interaction of the zone of calcified cartilage and subchondral bone in osteoarthritis","volume":"37","author":"Oegema","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2004.10.010","article-title":"Two different correlations between nanoindentation modulus and mineral content in the bone-cartilage interface","volume":"149","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Struct Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1054-z","article-title":"The basic science of the subchondral bone","volume":"18","author":"Madry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.344140019","article-title":"From the radiologic pathology archives imaging of osteonecrosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"34","author":"Murphey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.6.412","article-title":"Subchondral avascular necrosis: a common cause of arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Bullough","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24124","article-title":"Effects of sclerotic changes on stress concentration in early-stage osteonecrosis: a patient-specific, 3D finite element analysis","volume":"36","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.09.009","article-title":"The role of sclerotic changes in the starting mechanisms of collapse: a histomorphometric and FEM study on the femoral head of osteonecrosis","volume":"81","author":"Karasuyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.15248","article-title":"Vitamin K2 ameliorates damage of blood vessels by glucocorticoid: a potential mechanism for its protective effects in glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in a rat model","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3958-z","article-title":"Radiological analysis of cystic lesion in osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2019.12.004","article-title":"Guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adults (2019 version)","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Translat"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.09.018","article-title":"Subchondral bone as a key target for osteoarthritis treatment","volume":"83","author":"Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.09.009","article-title":"The role of sclerotic changes in the starting mechanisms of collapse: a histomorphometric and FEM study on the femoral head of osteonecrosis","volume":"81","author":"Karasuyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib90","article-title":"Morphological analysis of collapsed regions in osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"93-B","author":"Motomura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.1.8451413","article-title":"Early-stage avascular necrosis of the femoral head: MR imaging for prognosis in 31 cases with at least 2 years of follow-up","volume":"187","author":"Lafforgue","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib92","article-title":"Bone microarchitecture and biomechanics of the necrotic femoral head","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.75B2.8444940","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Natural history and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"75","author":"Takatori","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.07.028","article-title":"Microcrack density and nanomechanical properties in the subchondral region of the immature piglet femoral head following ischemic osteonecrosis","volume":"52","author":"Aruwajoye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-018-2948-3","article-title":"The depth of the low-intensity band on the T1-weighted MR image is useful for distinguishing subchondral insufficiency fracture from osteonecrosis of the collapsed femoral head","volume":"138","author":"Ikemura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W63","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3271","article-title":"MRI evaluation of collapsed femoral heads in patients 60 years old or older: differentiation of subchondral insufficiency fracture from osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"195","author":"Ikemura","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3879-x","article-title":"Subchondral fracture begins from the bone resorption area in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a micro-computerised tomography study","volume":"42","author":"Hamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B1.1991778","article-title":"Natural history of nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"73","author":"Ohzono","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B6.0820837","article-title":"The pattern of bone marrow oedema on MRI in osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3216-8","article-title":"Bone marrow oedema on MR imaging indicates ARCO stage 3 disease in patients with AVN of the femoral head","volume":"24","author":"Meier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4961-2","article-title":"Bone marrow oedema predicts bone collapse in paediatric and adolescent leukaemia patients with corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis","volume":"28","author":"Theruvath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.213.3.r99dc06715","article-title":"Bone marrow edema and associated pain in early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head: prospective study with serial MR images","volume":"213","author":"Koo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket324","article-title":"Primary bone marrow oedema syndromes","volume":"53","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib104","first-page":"1010","article-title":"[A summary of hip-preservation surgery based on peri-collapse stage of osteonecrosis of femoral head]","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.244111","article-title":"Pericollapse stage of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a last chance for joint preservation","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000245","article-title":"Which classification system is most useful for classifying osteonecrosis of the femoral head?","volume":"476","author":"Takashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90058-M","article-title":"Hip joint loading during walking and running, measured in two patients","volume":"26","author":"Bergmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971090-00015","article-title":"Contact pressures from an instrumented hip endoprosthesis","volume":"71","author":"Hodge","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/71.4.301","article-title":"Exercise and gait effects on in vivo hip contact pressures","volume":"71","author":"Krebs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.06.026","article-title":"Three-dimensional dynamic hip contact area and pressure distribution during activities of daily living","volume":"39","author":"Yoshida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B225476","article-title":"Morphological analysis of collapsed regions in osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"93","author":"Motomura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.09.013","article-title":"Intrinsic bone tissue properties in adult rat vertebrae: modulation by dietary protein","volume":"36","author":"Hengsberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib113","first-page":"866","article-title":"Microarchitecture features and pathology of necrotic region in patients with steroid-induced and alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Reparative Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100110","article-title":"Structural consequences of subchondral bone involvement in segmental osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Journal of orthopaedic research","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200503000-00029","article-title":"Repair of bone in the presence of aseptic necrosis resulting from fractures, transplantations, and vascular obstruction. 1930","volume":"87","author":"Phemister","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib116","first-page":"187","article-title":"Emu model of full-range femoral head osteonecrosis induced focally by an alternating freezing and heating insult","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Med Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20802","article-title":"Distribution of TRAP-positive cells and expression of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, and FGF-2 in the reparative reaction in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B2.0810328","article-title":"The prevalence and clinicopathological appearance of extension of osteonecrosis in the femoral head","volume":"81","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198909000-00028","article-title":"A\u00a0microangiographic study of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"246","author":"Atsumi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib120","first-page":"1518","article-title":"Joint biomarkers in idiopathic femoral head osteonecrosis: comparison with hip osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Kato","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2019.12.004","article-title":"Guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adults (2019 version)","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"21st ed. J Orthop Translat"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2012.09.008","article-title":"Cementless THA for the treatment of osteonecrosis at 10-year follow-up: have we improved compared to cemented THA?","volume":"28","author":"Bedard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib123","first-page":"1447","article-title":"Imaging and histopathological aspects in aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"56","author":"Tr\u0103istaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e32833e7732","article-title":"Diagnostic value of SPECT versus SPECT\/CT in femoral avascular necrosis: preliminary results","volume":"31","author":"Luk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib125","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Bone SPECT is more sensitive than MRI in the detection of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head after renal transplantation","volume":"43","author":"Ryu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nucl Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000886","article-title":"Bone SPECT\/CT of femoral head subchondral insufficiency fracture","volume":"40","author":"Motomura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000166","article-title":"Scintigraphic assessments of the reparative process in osteonecrosis of the femoral head using SPECT\/CT with 99mTc hydroxymethylene diphosphonate","volume":"35","author":"Motomura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.162.3.3809484","article-title":"Femoral head avascular necrosis: correlation of MR imaging, radiographic staging, radionuclide imaging, and clinical findings","volume":"162","author":"Mitchell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.1.3336682","article-title":"Femoral head avascular necrosis: MR imaging with clinical-pathologic and radionuclide correlation","volume":"166","author":"Beltran","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.03.019","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: etiology, imaging and treatment","volume":"63","author":"Malizos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0219-2","article-title":"F-18 fluoride positron emission tomography of the hip for osteonecrosis","volume":"466","author":"Dasa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib132","first-page":"31","article-title":"The role of imaging in diagnosis and management of femoral head avascular necrosis","volume":"12","author":"Manenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02219619","article-title":"CT analysis of the upper end of the femur: the asterisk sign and ischaemic bone necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"8","author":"Dihlmann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.161.3.3786725","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: morphologic assessment by MR imaging, with CT correlation","volume":"161","author":"Mitchell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.198.2.8596820","article-title":"CT and MR imaging of the hip","volume":"198","author":"Conway","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769080-00016","article-title":"Bilateral non-traumatic aseptic osteonecrosis in the femoral head. An experimental study of incidence","volume":"69","author":"Hauzeur","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"1046","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140508","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140508","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: using CT, MRI and gross specimen to characterize the location, shape and size of the lesion","volume":"88","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185118786070","article-title":"The role of the subchondral layer in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: analysis based on HR-QCT in comparison to MRI findings","volume":"60","author":"Kolb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.180.2.1800363","article-title":"Subchondral fractures in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: comparison of radiography, CT, and MR imaging","volume":"180","author":"Stevens","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0659-0","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of MR imaging in the assessment of subchondral fractures in avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"38","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0666-y","article-title":"A\u00a0muCT analysis of the femoral bone stock in osteonecrosis of the femoral head compared to osteoarthrosis","volume":"129","author":"Beckmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib142","first-page":"S147","article-title":"Is magnetic resonance imaging necessary for normal plain radiography evaluation of contralateral non-traumatic asymptomatic femoral head in high osteonecrosis risk patient","volume":"92","author":"Piyakunmala","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.169.1.3420260","article-title":"Avascular necrosis versus other diseases of the hip: sensitivity of MR imaging","volume":"169","author":"Glickstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520701676773","article-title":"Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for detection of asymptomatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on long-term corticosteroid treatment","volume":"43","author":"Kamata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2011.08.008","article-title":"Early results of core decompression and autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells instillation in femoral head osteonecrosis: a randomized control study","volume":"27","author":"Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.13.3.8316660","article-title":"MR imaging of avascular necrosis and transient marrow edema of the femoral head","volume":"13","author":"Vande Berg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1278427","article-title":"The role of MR imaging in avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"15","author":"Karantanas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Muscoskel Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B6.7593098","article-title":"Quantifying the extent of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. A new method using MRI","volume":"77","author":"Koo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199402000-00007","article-title":"Prediction of collapse with magnetic resonance imaging of avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"76","author":"Shimizu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.157.2.1853819","article-title":"John Caffey Award paper. Avascular necrosis: early MR imaging and histologic findings in a canine model","volume":"157","author":"Brody","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199411000-00019","article-title":"Angiography, scintigraphy, intraosseous pressure, and histologic findings in high-risk osteonecrotic femoral heads with negative magnetic resonance images","volume":"308","author":"Koo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-05-643601","article-title":"Genetics of glucocorticoid-associated osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"126","author":"Karol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0829-7","article-title":"Lesion size changes in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a long-term prospective study using MRI","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.01.002","article-title":"Differences in magnetic resonance findings between symptomatic and asymptomatic pre-collapse osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"112","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(93)90081-W","article-title":"The double-line sign of osteonecrosis: evaluation on chemical shift MR images","volume":"16","author":"Duda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.191.2.8153314","article-title":"Epiphyseal scar of the femoral head: risk factor of osteonecrosis","volume":"191","author":"Jiang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-011-0059-x","article-title":"MRI-detected double low-intensity bands in osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"16","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1404-8","article-title":"Repair in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: MR imaging features at long-term follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Takao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.3.1740735","article-title":"Correlation between bone marrow edema and collapse of the femoral head in steroid-induced osteonecrosis","volume":"174","author":"Iida","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJR American journal of roentgenology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B6.0820837","article-title":"The pattern of bone marrow oedema on MRI in osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.159.6.1442396","article-title":"Detection of acute avascular necrosis of the femoral head in dogs: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging vs spin-echo and STIR sequences","volume":"159","author":"Nadel","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4322","article-title":"Relationship of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head to perfusion changes in the proximal femur by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI","volume":"196","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.10.008","article-title":"Collapsed subchondral fatigue fracture of the femoral head","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orthop Clin N Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241816","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced fat saturation magnetic resonance imaging for studying the pathophysiology of osteonecrosis of the hips","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib165","first-page":"385","article-title":"Relationship between magnetic resonance imaging and histologic findings by bone biopsy in nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"19","author":"Hauzeur","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.160.2.8424346","article-title":"Acute fracture of the femoral neck: assessment of femoral head perfusion with gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"160","author":"Lang","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0667-0","article-title":"Prognostic value of dynamic MRI in assessing post-traumatic femoral head vascularity","volume":"38","author":"Kaushik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2010.100231","article-title":"Staging of hip avascular necrosis: is there a need for DWI?","volume":"52","author":"\u00d6ner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22685","article-title":"Quantitative T2 mapping of femoral head cartilage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with noncollapsed osteonecrosis of the femoral head associated with corticosteroid therapy","volume":"34","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Magn Reson Imag"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2327-5","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in children with sickle cell disease\u2013detecting alterations in the apparent diffusion coefficient in hips with avascular necrosis","volume":"42","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00671","article-title":"Treatment of early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"90","author":"Marker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197355070-00002","article-title":"The silent hip in idiopathic aseptic necrosis. treatment by bone-grafting","volume":"55","author":"Marcus","year":"1973","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B1.3155745","article-title":"Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head. Early diagnosis and treatment","volume":"67","author":"Ficat","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2416-2","article-title":"In brief: Ficat classification: avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"470","author":"Jawad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B1.7822393","article-title":"A\u00a0quantitative system for staging avascular necrosis","volume":"77","author":"Steinberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib176","first-page":"262","article-title":"Does lesion size affect the outcome in avascular necrosis? Clinical orthopaedics and related research","volume":"367","author":"Steinberg","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B6.13794","article-title":"Mid-term prognosis of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"85","author":"Ito","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200207000-00019","article-title":"Progression and cessation of collapse in osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"400","author":"Nishii","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-018-3615-7","article-title":"[Imaging and classification of avascular femoral head necrosis]","volume":"47","author":"Bohndorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop\u00e4"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-009-1319-x","article-title":"The role of the JOA in the globalization of orthopedics","volume":"14","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199204000-00009","article-title":"The fate of nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. A radiologic classification to formulate prognosis","volume":"277","author":"Ohzono","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib182","first-page":"515","article-title":"The classification of osteonecrosis of the femoral head based on the three pillars structure: China Japan Friendship Hospital (CJFH) classification","volume":"32","author":"Zi-rong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin J Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20131219-12","article-title":"Relationship between preservation of the lateral pillar and collapse of the femoral head in patients with osteonecrosis","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4405","article-title":"Subchondral bone as a key target for osteoarthritis treatment","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol. Arthritis Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3879-x","article-title":"Subchondral fracture begins from the bone resorption area in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a micro-computerised tomography study","volume":"42","author":"Hamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib186","article-title":"Subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head and acetabulum: indications for total hip arthroplasty","volume":"85","author":"Board","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg Am Vol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.213.3.r99dc06715","article-title":"Bone marrow edema and associated pain in early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head: prospective study with serial MR images","volume":"213","author":"Koo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-013-1803-4","article-title":"How do radiologists evaluate osteonecrosis?","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Translation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214031X21000589?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214031X21000589?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T10:42:44Z","timestamp":1761993764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214031X21000589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":188,"alternative-id":["S2214031X21000589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-031X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-031X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evolutionary course of the femoral head osteonecrosis: Histopathological - radiologic characteristics and clinical staging systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Orthopaedic Translation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd on behalf of Chinese Speaking Orthopaedic Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}