{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:34:34Z","timestamp":1784939674244,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2705300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2705300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpagonline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T02:29:20Z","timestamp":1750904960000},"page":"661-666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Vulvovaginitis in Prepuberty and Adolescent Females in China? A Retrospective Study of 4644 Cases during 2018-2021"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Huihui","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charleen","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Symphorosa S.C.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzheng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20200317-01","article-title":"Prepubertal and adolescent vulvovaginitis: what to do when a girl reports vaginal discharge","volume":"49","author":"Lanis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2022.01.010","article-title":"Patterns of pediatric and adolescent gynecologic problems in China: a hospital-based retrospective study of 97,252 patients","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000536","article-title":"Prepubertal vulvovaginitis","volume":"63","author":"Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e364","article-title":"Relationships between female infertility and female genital infections and pelvic inflammatory disease: a population-based nested controlled study","volume":"73","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04631-4","article-title":"Microbiological findings in prepubertal and pubertal girls with vulvovaginitis","volume":"181","author":"Baka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04265-8","article-title":"Bacterial agents in vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge: a 10-year retrospective study in the Netherlands","volume":"40","author":"Bruins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.019","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"224","author":"Ravel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1073886","article-title":"Patterns of pediatric and adolescent female genital inflammation in China: an eight-year retrospective study of 49,175 patients in China","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01627-8","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of respiratory viruses in children with lower respiratory tract infections in China","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa710","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: impact caused by school closure and national lockdown on pediatric visits and admissions for viral and nonviral infections-a time series analysis","volume":"72","author":"Angoulvant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00592-8","article-title":"Pathogenic changes of community-acquired pneumonia in a children\u2019s hospital in Beijing, China before and after COVID-19 onset: a retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106386","article-title":"The need for inclusion of the Hib vaccine in mainland national immunization program in China","volume":"90","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-016-0078-y","article-title":"Clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of vulvovaginitis in girls: a current approach and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Beyitler","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00077-7","volume":"3","author":"Brueggemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00283-21","article-title":"Bacterial epidemiology and Antimicrobial resistance profiles in children reported by the ISPED Program in China, 2016 to 2020","volume":"9","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e582","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00108-5","article-title":"Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium","volume":"5","author":"Shaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00085-6","article-title":"COVID-19 containment measures and incidence of invasive bacterial disease","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.10.019","article-title":"Changes of Haemophilus influenzae infection in children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, Henan, China","volume":"86","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2021.05.012","article-title":"Microbiological findings of symptomatic vulvovaginitis in Chinese prepubertal girls","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0020","first-page":"154","article-title":"Changes of Escherichia coli infection in children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Zhengzhou, China","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2021.103849","article-title":"Escherichia coli enhances the virulence factors of Candida albicans, the cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis, in a dual bacterial\/fungal biofilm","volume":"172","author":"Farrokhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01637-4","article-title":"Fungal microbiota sustains lasting immune activation of neutrophils and their progenitors in severe COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Kusakabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.640644","article-title":"COVID-19 impairs immune response to Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Moser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.12.087","article-title":"Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in the COVID-19 era: perspective from resource-limited settings","volume":"104","author":"Lucien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083318825002785?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083318825002785?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T15:39:04Z","timestamp":1768491544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1083318825002785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1083318825002785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-3188","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Vulvovaginitis in Prepuberty and Adolescent Females in China? A Retrospective Study of 4644 Cases during 2018-2021","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.06.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}