{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:28:17Z","timestamp":1784914097099,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3966,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpain.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]],"date-time":"2012-10-03T03:15:42Z","timestamp":1349234142000},"page":"1029-1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The Prevalence of Mental Health and Pain Symptoms in General Population Samples Reporting Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lusted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Roerecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105600808","article-title":"Nonmedical prescription opioid use and mental health and pain comorbidities: A narrative review","volume":"56","author":"Amari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31816b2f26","article-title":"Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: A review of the evidence","volume":"24","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710801030255","article-title":"What constitutes prescription drug misuse? Problems and pitfalls of current conceptualizations","volume":"1","author":"Barrett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Drug Abuse Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.018","article-title":"Non-medical use, abuse and dependence on prescription opioids among U.S. adults: Psychiatric, medical and substance use correlates","volume":"94","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.217","article-title":"Nonmedical use of opioid analgesics obtained directly from physicians: Prevalence and correlates","volume":"171","author":"Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib6","series-title":"Handbook of Research Synthesis","first-page":"399","article-title":"Publication bias","author":"Begg","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1644","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 motivations to abuse prescription medications","volume":"118","author":"Boyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.10.008","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain","volume":"10","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.020","article-title":"Abuse of prescription drugs and the risk of addiction","volume":"83","author":"Compton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib10","series-title":"Lowinson and Ruiz\u2019s substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook","first-page":"721","article-title":"Substance use disorders in individuals with co-occurring psychiatric disorders","author":"Dennison","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090784","article-title":"Prescribing of opioid analgesics and related mortality before and after the introduction of long-acting oxycodone","volume":"181","author":"Dhalla","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.4.469","article-title":"Implementing dual diagnosis services for clients with severe mental illness","volume":"52","author":"Drake","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.02.014","article-title":"Risk factors for clinically recognized opioid abuse and dependence among veterans using opioids for chronic non-cancer pain","volume":"129","author":"Edlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00200.x","article-title":"Do users of regularly prescribed opioids have higher rates of substance use problems than nonusers?","volume":"8","author":"Edlund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ES191","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/ES191","article-title":"Prescription opioid related misuse, harms, diversion and interventions in Canada: A review","volume":"15","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405469","article-title":"Non-medical use of prescription opioids and public health in Canada: An urgent call for research and interventions development","volume":"99","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.03.002","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription opioids: Furthering a meaningful research agenda","volume":"9","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.001","article-title":"Changes in and characteristics of admissions to treatment related to problematic prescription opioid use in Ontario, 2004-2009","volume":"109","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.232","article-title":"Understanding the patterns and distribution of opioid analgesic dependence symptoms using a latent empirical approach","volume":"17","author":"Ghandour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2006.08.004","article-title":"Addiction to opioids in chronic pain patients: A literature review","volume":"11","author":"H\u00f8jsted","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0708","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of nonmedical prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the United States: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"67","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib24","series-title":"Narcotic Drugs Technical Report: Estimated World Requirements for 2012 - Statistics for 2010","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.02.033","article-title":"Substance misuse treatment for high-risk chronic pain patients on opioid therapy: A randomized trial","volume":"150","author":"Jamison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600944461","article-title":"Mental health and alcohol, drugs and tobacco: A review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs","volume":"25","author":"Jane-Llopis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.07.002","article-title":"The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: Results of an internet-based survey","volume":"11","author":"Johannes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.034","article-title":"Impact of substance abuse in the diagnosis, course, and treatment of mood disorders: The epidemiology of dual diagnosis","volume":"56","author":"Kessler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550","article-title":"The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications","volume":"4","author":"Khantzian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/401","article-title":"Therapeutic use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids: A ten-year perspective","volume":"13","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.01.006","article-title":"Profile of dependence symptoms among extramedical opioid analgesic users","volume":"32","author":"Martins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.013","article-title":"Correlates of extramedical use of OxyContin (R) versus other analgesic opioids among the US general population","volume":"99","author":"Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00291.x","article-title":"The prescription drug epidemic in the United States: A perfect storm","volume":"30","author":"Maxwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.120","article-title":"Motives for nonmedical use of prescription opioids among high school seniors in the United States: Self-treatment and beyond","volume":"163","author":"McCabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007","article-title":"Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse","volume":"102","author":"McCabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00076-8","article-title":"Comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood and anxiety disorders: Results of the international consortium in psychiatric epidemiology","volume":"23","author":"Merikangas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.09.013","article-title":"Physical pain, common psychiatric and substance use disorders, and the non-medical use of prescription analgesics in the United States","volume":"100","author":"Novak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib41","series-title":"Psychiatric Disorders - Trends and Developments","first-page":"367","article-title":"The epidemiology and treatment of prescription drug disorders in the United States","author":"Novak","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181e94240","article-title":"Risk factors associated with opioid medication misuse in community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080903442836","article-title":"Treatment guidelines for substance use disorders and serious mental illnesses: Do they address co-occurring disorders?","volume":"45","author":"Perron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450190043026","article-title":"Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Study","volume":"264","author":"Regier","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib45","first-page":"173","article-title":"Use of opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain syndromes in primary care","volume":"17","author":"Reid","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.10.4","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription opioids by adolescents: A review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Schepis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404171","article-title":"Non-medical use of prescription opioids among Ontario adults: Data from the 2008\/2009 CAMH Monitor","volume":"102","author":"Shield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib48","unstructured":"StataCorp LP. Stata 11 2010 Available from http:\/\/www.stata.com\/company\/contact.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib50","series-title":"Results from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib51","series-title":"Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) Highlights - 2007. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib52","series-title":"Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib53","series-title":"Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02056.x","article-title":"Gender and non-medical use of prescription opioids: Results from a national US survey","volume":"103","author":"Tetrault","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6965.1351","article-title":"Systematic review: Why sources of heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be investigated","volume":"309","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31816b1070","article-title":"Predicting opioid misuse by chronic pain patients: A systematic review and literature synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Turk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib57","series-title":"NCHS data brief: Increase in fatal poisonings involving opioid analgesics in the United States, 1999-2006","author":"Warner","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.183.4.304","article-title":"Comorbidity of substance misuse and mental illness in community mental health and substance misuse services","volume":"183","author":"Weaver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x","article-title":"Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: Preliminary validation of the Opioid Risk Tool","volume":"6","author":"Webster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.12.008","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription opioids: Motives and ubiquity issues","volume":"9","author":"Zacny","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590012007535?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590012007535?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T19:53:45Z","timestamp":1761508425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1526590012007535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1526590012007535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-5900"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-5900","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Prevalence of Mental Health and Pain Symptoms in General Population Samples Reporting Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pain","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.07.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 American Pain Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}