{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:26:25Z","timestamp":1791584785907,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1806,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5T32DK007784-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32DK007784-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1TR000114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpain.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T02:37:35Z","timestamp":1523932655000},"page":"1104-1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Prescription Medication Use Among Community-Based U.S. Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Population Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1945-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Shmagel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Ensrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2015.08.003","article-title":"Strong opioids for noncancer pain due to musculoskeletal diseases: Not more effective than acetaminophen or NSAIDs","volume":"82","author":"Berthelot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.07.003","article-title":"Trends in long-term opioid therapy for noncancer pain among persons with a history of depression","volume":"31","author":"Braden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-5-3","article-title":"A primary care, multi-disciplinary disease management program for opioid-treated patients with chronic non-cancer pain and a high burden of psychiatric comorbidity","volume":"5","author":"Chelminski","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: A joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society","volume":"147","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559","article-title":"The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: A systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop","volume":"162","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.028","article-title":"Analgesic tolerance without demonstrable opioid-induced hyperalgesia: A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sustained-release morphine for treatment of chronic nonradicular low-back pain","volume":"153","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143","article-title":"Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United States","volume":"372","author":"Dart","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.03.005","article-title":"Report of the NIH task force on research standards for chronic low back pain","volume":"15","author":"Deyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2011.06.100232","article-title":"Opioids for back pain patients: Primary care prescribing patterns and use of services","volume":"24","author":"Deyo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61851-0","article-title":"Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses","volume":"381","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2007.00178.x","article-title":"An update on the representational approach to patient education","volume":"39","author":"Donovan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain\u2013United States, 2016","volume":"315","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2015.17.3.medu1-1503","article-title":"Education to identify and combat racial bias in pain treatment","volume":"17","author":"Drwecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.12.005","article-title":"Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: the role of empathy and perspective-taking","volume":"152","author":"Drwecki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.01.012","article-title":"An analysis of heavy utilizers of opioids for chronic noncancer pain in the TROUP study","volume":"40","author":"Edlund","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2012-201670","article-title":"Intravenous paracetamol versus dexketoprofen versus morphine in acute mechanical low back pain in the emergency department: a randomised double-blind controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Eken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0090","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain","author":"Enthoven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767160-00008","article-title":"Celecoxib: a review of its use in the management of arthritis and acute pain","volume":"67","author":"Frampton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051528","article-title":"Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects","volume":"174","author":"Furlan","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12455","article-title":"The use of analgesic and other pain-relief drugs to manage chronic low back pain: Results from a national survey","volume":"17","author":"Gouveia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x","article-title":"The unequal burden of pain: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain","volume":"4","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6626a4","article-title":"Vital signs: Changes in opioid prescribing in the United States, 2006\u20132015","volume":"66","author":"Guy","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.05.002","article-title":"An open labeled randomized controlled trial of pregabalin versus amitriptyline in chronic low backache","volume":"342","author":"Kalita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.10.029","article-title":"Morphine, nortriptyline and their combination vs. placebo in patients with chronic lumbar root pain","volume":"130","author":"Khoromi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301966","article-title":"Determinants of increased opioid-related mortality in the United States and Canada, 1990\u20132013: A systematic review","volume":"104","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721717714894","article-title":"Resilience-based diabetes self-management education: Perspectives from African American participants, community leaders, and healthcare providers","volume":"43","author":"Lehrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200404150-00012","article-title":"Patterns and trends in opioid use among individuals with back pain in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.656","article-title":"Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems","volume":"299","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12499","article-title":"Patient recall of health care provider counseling for opioid-acetaminophen prescriptions","volume":"15","author":"McCarthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.01.019","article-title":"Pilot of a brief, Web-based educational intervention targeting safe storage and disposal of prescription opioids","volume":"38","author":"McCauley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611593","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety of celecoxib, naproxen, or ibuprofen for arthritis","volume":"375","author":"Nissen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0165","article-title":"Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain","author":"Noble","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700615","article-title":"The effectiveness of a weak opioid medication versus a cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in treating flare-up of chronic low-back pain: Results from two randomized, double-blind, 6-week studies","volume":"37","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","article-title":"Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain. A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2001.00355.x","article-title":"Pharmacology of oral combination analgesics: Rational therapy for pain","volume":"26","author":"Raffa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei085","article-title":"Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side-effects and consumption after major surgery: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"94","author":"Remy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302697","article-title":"Trends in educational inequalities in drug poisoning mortality: United States, 1994\u20132010","volume":"105","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00306-8","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in the experience of chronic pain","volume":"100","author":"Riley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1300\/J011v08n01_08","article-title":"The role of patient education in cancer pain control","volume":"8","author":"Rimer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hosp J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22890","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic low back pain in US adults: Data from the 2009\u20132010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"68","author":"Shmagel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E578","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d3cef6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"35","author":"Skljarevski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000092372.73527.BA","article-title":"Systematic review of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic low back pain","volume":"28","author":"Staiger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e32833c57a8","article-title":"Opioid use in chronic noncancer pain: Guidelines revisited","volume":"23","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.5.525","article-title":"African American patients' perspectives on medical decision making","volume":"164","author":"Torke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3199-4","article-title":"Drug overdose in a retrospective cohort with non-cancer pain treated with opioids, antidepressants, and\/or sedative-hypnotics: Interactions with mental health disorders","volume":"30","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.03.008","article-title":"Individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"26","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000160843.77091.07","article-title":"Analgesic usage for low back pain: Impact on health care costs and service use","volume":"30","author":"Vogt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/31.4.490","article-title":"Informal support from black churches and the well-being of elderly blacks","volume":"31","author":"Walls","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.29016.jjw","article-title":"Influential U.S. medical organizations call for insurance coverage of non-pharmacologic approaches to pain","volume":"22","author":"Weeks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201403","article-title":"The prevalence of inflammatory back pain: Population-based estimates from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009\u201310","volume":"72","author":"Weisman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.12.006","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of duloxetine in chronic low back pain: A US private payer perspective","volume":"16","author":"Wielage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1691","article-title":"Emergency department visits attributed to selected analgesics, United States, 2004\u20132005","volume":"18","author":"Willy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidem Drug Safe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000170","article-title":"Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in community-dwelling adults with chronic pain","volume":"156","author":"Wm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0275","author":"Minnesota Department of Human Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0280","author":"Palmer College of Chiropractic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004_bib0285","author":"Chicago Urban League Research and Policy Center"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590018301457?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590018301457?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T19:59:37Z","timestamp":1761508777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1526590018301457"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1526590018301457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-5900"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-5900","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prescription Medication Use Among Community-Based U.S. Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Population Based Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pain","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.04.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 by the American Pain Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}