{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:51:03Z","timestamp":1778691063448,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007108","name":"The George Washington University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005290","name":"Psi Chi International Honor Society in Psychology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006076","name":"Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpain.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T01:50:54Z","timestamp":1715392254000},"page":"104560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bystander Acknowledgment Mitigates the Psychological and Physiological Pain of Racial Discrimination for Black Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Katarina E.","family":"AuBuchon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vani A.","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Attey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bowleg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib1","series-title":"Between the World and Me","author":"Coates","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib2","series-title":"Even the Rat Was White","author":"Guthrie","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib3","series-title":"The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counterframing","author":"Feagin","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.11.005","article-title":"Promoting inclusion, diversity, and equity in pain science","volume":"24","author":"Palermo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib5","unstructured":"Villarosa L. How false beliefs in physical racial difference still live in medicine today. The New York Times.\u00a0Published August 12, 2019. Accessed December 14, 2022. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2019\/08\/14\/magazine\/racial-differences-doctors.html."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516047113","article-title":"Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites","volume":"113","author":"Hoffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01336.x","article-title":"A quantitative review of ethnic group differences in experimental pain response: do biology, psychology, and culture matter?","volume":"13","author":"Rahim-Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002528","article-title":"Mechanisms of injustice: what we (do not) know about racialized disparities in pain","volume":"163","author":"Mathur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.07.005","article-title":"Racial and socioeconomic disparities in disabling chronic pain: findings from the Health and Retirement Study","volume":"18","author":"Janevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0255","article-title":"Race, ethnicity, and pain among the U.S. adult population","volume":"21","author":"Shavers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000731","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in experimental pain sensitivity: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000361","article-title":"Multiple levels of suffering: discrimination in health-care settings is associated with enhanced laboratory pain sensitivity in sickle cell disease","volume":"32","author":"Mathur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.06.004","article-title":"Sociocultural context and pre-clinical pain facilitation: multiple dimensions of racialized discrimination experienced by Latinx Americans are associated with enhanced temporal summation of pain","volume":"23","author":"Walsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031592","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination, but not mistrust of medical researchers, predicts the heat pain tolerance of african americans with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Goodin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2014.989204","article-title":"More than skin deep\u201d: Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination","volume":"18","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib16","series-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(02)80009-0","article-title":"Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat","volume":"34","author":"Steele","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib17","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination, and Health","first-page":"85","article-title":"Stigma, social identity threat, and health","volume":"46","author":"Major","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib18","first-page":"275","article-title":"Ostracism: A temporal needs-threat model","volume":"41","author":"Williams","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2010.02.002","article-title":"The psychological sting of stigma: the costs of attributing ostracism to racism","volume":"46","author":"Goodwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.2.276","article-title":"Clearing the air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women\u2019s leadership aspirations","volume":"88","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506211033748","article-title":"Male allies at work: gender-equality supportive men reduce negative underrepresentation effects among women","volume":"13","author":"Moser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Personal Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000304","article-title":"A taxonomy of identity safety cues based on gender and race: from a promising past to an intersectional and translational Future","volume":"7","author":"Kruk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Issues Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217695554","article-title":"When silence is not golden: why acknowledgment matters even when being excluded","volume":"43","author":"Rudert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244014539168","article-title":"Men as allies against sexism: the positive effects of a suggestion of sexism by male (vs. female) sources","volume":"4","author":"Cihangir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2011.589527","article-title":"African Americans respond to stigmatization: the meanings and salience of confronting, deflecting conflict, educating the ignorant and \u201cmanaging the self","volume":"35","author":"Fleming","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethn Racial Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2023.2178875","article-title":"What black people value when white people confront prejudice","volume":"164","author":"Bak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-014-9284-8","article-title":"Perceiving allies from the perspective of non-dominant group members: comparisons to friends and activists","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-017-9271-z","article-title":"The relational context of social support in young adults: links with stress and well-being","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adult Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798412469227","article-title":"The effects of general social support and social support for racial discrimination on African American women\u2019s well-being","volume":"40","author":"Seawell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000030388.62434.46","article-title":"Social support and experimental pain","volume":"65","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-015-9686-3","article-title":"Social support attenuates physiological stress responses and experimental pain sensitivity to cold pressor pain","volume":"49","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12172","article-title":"What does it mean to be an ally?: The perception of allies from the perspective of people of color","volume":"43","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12502","article-title":"Are allies who we think they are?: A comparative analysis","volume":"48","author":"Ostrove","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000148","article-title":"The role of age in understanding the psychological effects of racism for african americans","volume":"23","author":"Greer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib35","first-page":"207","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib36","first-page":"233","article-title":"Temperature and the cold pressor test","volume":"5","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexism-related stigma affects pain perception","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5935\/1806-0013.20160086","article-title":"Influence of gender on cold-induced pain","volume":"17","author":"da Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Dor"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/213950","article-title":"Laboratory personnel gender and cold pressor apparatus affect subjective pain reports","volume":"19","author":"Vigil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000447","article-title":"Impaired pain modulation in fibromyalgia patients in response to social distress manipulation","volume":"33","author":"Canaipa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4236\/pst.2017.52002","article-title":"The effect of brief mindfulness meditation on cold-pressor induced pain responses in healthy adults","volume":"05","author":"Burnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Studies Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.5.748","article-title":"Cyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the internet","volume":"79","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028815","article-title":"The effects of racial discrimination on the HIV-risk cognitions and behaviors of black adolescents and young adults","volume":"32","author":"Stock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-016-9793-z","article-title":"Past racial discrimination exacerbates the effects of racial exclusion on negative affect, perceived control, and alcohol-risk cognitions among Black young adults","volume":"40","author":"Stock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2020.1729685","article-title":"Racial exclusion causes acute cortisol release among emerging-adult African Americans: the role of reduced perceived control","volume":"160","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127002","article-title":"The ordinal effects of ostracism: a meta-analysis of 120 Cyberball studies","volume":"10","author":"Hartgerink","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intersectional discrimination from Black women, White women, Black men, or White men impacts young adult Black women\u2019s affective states and risky health cognitions","volume":"38","author":"Lieberman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2020.1729685","article-title":"Racial exclusion causes acute cortisol release among emerging-adult African Americans: the role of reduced perceived control","volume":"160","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2011.01274.x","article-title":"Bystander anti-racism: a review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyses Soc Issues Public Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib50","series-title":"American Sociological Association","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender differences and gendered responses to racism and discrimination: evidence from middle and working class African-Americans","author":"Fleming","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430220975482","article-title":"An ally you say? Endorsing White women as allies to encourage perceptions of allyship and organizational identity-safety among Black women","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Group Process Intergroup Relat"},{"issue":"July 2017","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.06.021","article-title":"One size may not fit all: exploring how the intersection of race and gender and stigma consciousness predict effective identity-safe cues for Black women","volume":"74","author":"Pietri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.10.004","article-title":"Adult attachment and reports of pain in experimentally-induced pain","volume":"15","author":"Andrews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S168516","article-title":"Disrupted physical pain sensation by social exclusion in women with dysmenorrhea","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.11.007","article-title":"The role of resilience and purpose in life in habituation to heat and cold pain","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.752900","article-title":"Habituation of the stress response multiplex to repeated cold pressor exposure","volume":"13","author":"Bullock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1057\/s41276-019-00212-z","article-title":"White passing? No! Seeing myself in my own light","volume":"17","author":"Bueno-Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lat Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib58","first-page":"7","article-title":"Exploring the ethics and psychological impact of deception in psychological research","volume":"35","author":"Boynton","year":"2013","journal-title":"IRB"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-017-9882-7","article-title":"Racial (versus self) affirmation as a protective mechanism against the effects of racial exclusion on negative affect and substance use vulnerability among Black young adults","volume":"41","author":"Stock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cleeland CS. Brief Pain Inventory. National Palliative Care Research Center. Published 1991. Accessed March 3, 2022. http:\/\/www.npcrc.org\/files\/news\/briefpain_short.pdf.","DOI":"10.1037\/t04175-000"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.02.007","article-title":"Development and initial validation of an expanded and revised version of the Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2)","volume":"144","author":"Dworkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.01015.x","article-title":"Ethnicity, catastrophizing, and qualities of the pain experience","volume":"12","author":"Fabian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2003.11.006","article-title":"How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence","volume":"40","author":"Zadro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib64","unstructured":"Fu R, Haley K, Holmer MPH. Change Score or Followup Score? An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Choice of Mean Difference Estimates. Europe PMC. Published May 1, 2015. Accessed March 3, 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/NBK\/nbk285983."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3108-3","article-title":"The correlation between baseline score and post-intervention score, and its implications for statistical analysis","volume":"20","author":"Clifton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib66","unstructured":"Glen S. Cooks\u2019 Distance\/Cook\u2019s D: Definition,Interpretation. Statistics How To. Published 2016. Accessed April 28, 2022. https:\/\/www.statisticshowto.com\/cooks-distance\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.11.008","article-title":"Pain, racial discrimination, and depressive symptoms among African American women","volume":"19","author":"Walker Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"August 2017","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.03.015","article-title":"Discrimination hurts: The effect of discrimination on the development of chronic pain","volume":"204","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab135","article-title":"More than hurt feelings: the wear and tear of day-to-day discrimination in adults with chronic pain","volume":"22","author":"Ong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib70","unstructured":"Hales AH. One-tailed tests: Let\u2019s do this (responsibly). Psychol Methods. Published online November 2, 2023. 10.1037\/met0000610."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.02.021","article-title":"Acute ostracism-related pain sensitization in the context of accumulated lifetime experiences of ostracism","volume":"24","author":"Nanavaty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S129872","article-title":"Chronic stress moderates the impact of social exclusion on pain tolerance: an experimental investigation","volume":"10","author":"Pieritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib73","series-title":"International Review of Neurobiology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2022.06.013","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in pain","volume":"164","author":"Osborne","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.01.009","article-title":"Confronting racism in pain research: a call to action","volume":"23","author":"Morais","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.01.008","article-title":"Confronting racism in all forms of pain research: a shared commitment for engagement, diversity, and dissemination","volume":"23","author":"Hood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.11.002","article-title":"Antiracism CoaliTION in Pain Research (ACTION-PR): Guiding Principles for Equity in Reporting","volume":"24","author":"Hood","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1187307","article-title":"The white racial frame of public health discourses about racialized health differences and \u201cdisparities\u201d: what it reveals about power and how it thwarts health equity","volume":"11","author":"Bowleg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.171058","article-title":"Critical race theory, race equity, and public health: toward antiracism praxis","volume":"100","author":"Ford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200109000-00011","article-title":"A comparison of blacks and whites seeking treatment for chronic pain","volume":"17","author":"McCracken","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7916(01)00034-9","article-title":"Perceived control over anxiety-related events as a predictor of pain behaviors in a cold pressor task","volume":"32","author":"Feldner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib81","first-page":"1","article-title":"The mechanisms underpinning the effects of self-control exertion on subsequent physical performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Hunte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015250","article-title":"Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: a multimotive model","volume":"116","author":"Smart Richman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.11.003","article-title":"Race and sex differences in primary appraisals, catastrophizing, and experimental pain outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Forsythe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.02.005","article-title":"In vivo praying and catastrophizing mediate the race differences in experimental pain sensitivity","volume":"16","author":"Meints","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib85","series-title":"Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination, and Health","first-page":"355","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination and health behavior: Mediation and moderation","author":"Gibbons","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12230","article-title":"Can quantitative sensory testing move us closer to mechanism-based pain management?","volume":"15","author":"Cruz-Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.11.004","article-title":"Neighborhood, socioeconomic, and racial influence on chronic pain","volume":"19","author":"Maly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4785-z","article-title":"The influence of patient race and activation on pain management in advanced lung cancer: a randomized field experiment","volume":"34","author":"Shields","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13122-y","article-title":"Racism in healthcare: a scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Hamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.09.004","article-title":"A systematic review of race, sex, and socioeconomic status differences in postoperative pain and pain management","volume":"38","author":"Thurston","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2019.1642839","article-title":"The effects of group membership on college students\u2019 social exclusion of peers and bystander behavior","volume":"154","author":"Forbes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychol: Interdiscip Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib93","series-title":"Confronting Prejudice and Discrimination: The Science of Changing Minds and Behaviors","first-page":"201","article-title":"The consequences of confronting prejudice","author":"Czopp","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750","article-title":"The problem with the phrase \u201cwomen and minorities\u201d: intersectionality\u2014an important theoretical framework for public health","volume":"102","author":"Bowleg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9400-z","article-title":"When Black + lesbian + woman \u2021 Black lesbian woman: the methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research","volume":"59","author":"Bowleg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.3250","article-title":"Mandated implicit bias training for health professionals - a step toward equity in health care","volume":"3","author":"Cooper","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590024004905?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590024004905?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T20:50:18Z","timestamp":1762548618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1526590024004905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1526590024004905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-5900"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-5900","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bystander Acknowledgment Mitigates the Psychological and Physiological Pain of Racial Discrimination for Black Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pain","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104560","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 \u00a9 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104560"}}