{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T00:33:17Z","timestamp":1793665997132,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpain.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T11:18:31Z","timestamp":1751973511000},"page":"105492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessing pain intensity in people from non-western countries: A multicenter study comparing four pain scales in adults with musculoskeletal pain in Bhutan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-5856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monu","family":"Tamang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3392-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark P.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-8940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anupa","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4847-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karma","family":"Phuentsho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurab","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e670","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00232-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of other musculoskeletal disorders, 1990\u20132020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Gill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheuma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2009.01280.x","article-title":"Postoperative pain assessment with three intensity scales in Chinese elders","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nurs Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000336","article-title":"Must we reduce pain intensity to treat chronic pain?","volume":"157","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.07.005","article-title":"Validity of four pain intensity rating scales","volume":"152","author":"Ferreira-Valente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00316.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the Iowa pain thermometer and other selected pain intensity scales in younger and older adult cohorts using controlled clinical pain: a preliminary study","volume":"8","author":"Herr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib6","unstructured":"Hjermstad M.J., Fayers P.M., Haugen D.F., et al. Studies comparing numerical rating scales, verbal rating scales, and visual analogue scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review. J Pain Symptom Manage. Published June 01, 2011. Accessed July 01, 2024. \u3008https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21621130\/\u3009."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90228-9","article-title":"The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00311.x","article-title":"Pain assessment in younger and older pain patients: Psychometric properties and patient preference of five commonly used measures of pain intensity","volume":"8","author":"Peters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216308095701","article-title":"Pain assessment tools in palliative care: an urgent need for consensus","volume":"22","author":"Hjermstad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib10","first-page":"S240","volume":"63","author":"Hawker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2015-000140","article-title":"Psychometric properties of three single-item pain scales in patients with rheumatoid arthritis seen during routine clinical care: a comparative perspective on construct validity, reproducibility and internal responsiveness","volume":"1","author":"Sendlbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753405","article-title":"Pain after spinal cord injury: an evidence-based review for clinical practice and research - Report of the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Spinal Cord Injury Measures Meeting","volume":"30","author":"Bryce","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00063-5","article-title":"Postsurgical pain outcome assessment","volume":"99","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199812000-00012","article-title":"Assessment of pain during medical procedures: a comparison of three scales","volume":"14","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib15","article-title":"The utility and validity of pain intensity rating scales for use in developing countries","volume":"3","author":"Pathak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2012.08.005","article-title":"Comparison of pain scale preferences and pain intensity according to pain scales among Turkish patients: a descriptive study","volume":"15","author":"Yazici Sayin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S303305","article-title":"Validity and utility of four pain intensity measures for use in international research","volume":"14","author":"Atisook","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1524-9042(02)54210-7","article-title":"Pain intensity assessment: a comparison of selected pain intensity scales for use in cognitively intact and cognitively impaired African American older adults","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib19","unstructured":"National Statistics Bureau. Population and Housing Census of Bhutan 2017. Royal Government of Bhutan. Published 2018. Accessed April 23, 2024. \u3008https:\/\/www.nsb.gov.bt\/publications\/census-report\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib20","unstructured":"Mokkink L.B., Prinsen C.A., Patrick D.L., et al. COSMIN study design checklist for patient-reported outcome measurement instruments. Published July, 2019. Accessed April 23, 2024. \u3008https:\/\/www.cosmin.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/COSMIN-study-designing-checklist_final.pdf\u3009."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01132.x","article-title":"Reliability of the visual analog scale for measurement of acute pain","volume":"8","author":"Bijur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S158847","article-title":"Test-retest reliability, validity, and minimum detectable change of visual analog, numerical rating, and verbal rating scales for measurement of osteoarthritic knee pain","volume":"11","author":"Alghadir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200407000-00002","article-title":"Pain intensity assessment in older adults: use of experimental pain to compare psychometric properties and usability of selected pain scales with younger adults","volume":"20","author":"Herr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.07.004","article-title":"The measurement of postoperative pain: a comparison of intensity scales in younger and older surgical patients","volume":"117","author":"Gagliese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2018-0012","article-title":"The validity of pain intensity measures: what do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS-R measure?","volume":"18","author":"Thong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib27.1","unstructured":"IBM Corp. Released 2023. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Armonk, NY"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib27.2","unstructured":"Version 29.0.2.0, 2023. Accessed January 21, 2025. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/support\/pages\/downloading-ibm-spss-statistics-29020."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny319","article-title":"The utility and construct validity of four measures of pain intensity: results from a university-based study in Spain","volume":"20","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.012","article-title":"Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"113","author":"Dworkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2010.08.002","article-title":"Psychometric properties of pain intensity scales comparing among postoperative adult patients, elderly patients without and with mild cognitive impairment in China","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05127-6","article-title":"Measuring pain intensity in older patients: a comparison of five scales","volume":"24","author":"Nimmaanrat","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590025007199?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590025007199?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:39:08Z","timestamp":1788233948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1526590025007199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S1526590025007199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-5900"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-5900","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing pain intensity in people from non-western countries: A multicenter study comparing four pain scales in adults with musculoskeletal pain in Bhutan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pain","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105492","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105492"}}