{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T09:28:10Z","timestamp":1793525290058,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD108173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD108173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD092334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD092334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpain.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T04:03:35Z","timestamp":1757649815000},"page":"105559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A cautionary tale: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and localized provoked vulvodynia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1739-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuelle","family":"Chrysilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2940-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Mi","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna Rao","family":"Maddipati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanzy M.T.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell A.","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan L.","family":"Falsetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.08.012","article-title":"Prevalence and demographic characteristics of vulvodynia in a population-based sample","volume":"206","author":"Reed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0164-2","article-title":"Vulvodynia","volume":"6","author":"Bergeron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S37660","article-title":"Etiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of vulvodynia","volume":"6","author":"Sadownik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.528368","article-title":"Medical and physical predictors of localized provoked vulvodynia","volume":"89","author":"Bohm-Starke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.02.167","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH, and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"13","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2010.07.002","article-title":"Vulvodynia: new concepts and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Groysman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.007","article-title":"Psychosexual aspects of vulvovaginal pain","volume":"28","author":"Bergeron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pr Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14157","article-title":"A review of the available clinical therapies for vulvodynia management and new data implicating proinflammatory mediators in pain elicitation","volume":"124","author":"Falsetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460320.95267.5d","article-title":"Site-specific mesenchymal control of inflammatory pain to yeast challenge in vulvodynia afflicted and pain-free women","volume":"156","author":"Foster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003088","article-title":"Inflammation, lipid dysregulation, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 signaling perpetuate chronic vulvar pain","volume":"165","author":"Bekauri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"04","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1554919","article-title":"Vulvodynia: the role of inflammation in the etiology of localized provoked pain of the vulvar vestibule (Vestibulodynia)","volume":"33","author":"Akopians","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.02.002","article-title":"Identification of novel mechanisms involved in generating localized vulvodynia pain","volume":"213","author":"Falsetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.09.030","article-title":"Characteristics of the pain observed in the focal vulvodynia syndrome (VVS)","volume":"78","author":"Donders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"101","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002613","article-title":"Repeated vulvovaginal fungal infections cause persistent pain in a mouse model of vulvodynia","volume":"3","author":"Farmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.1998.7.1167","article-title":"Frequency and response to vaginal symptoms among white and African American women: results of a random digit dialing survey","volume":"7","author":"Foxman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"9577","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidosis","volume":"369","author":"Sobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00685.x","article-title":"Cutaneous hypersensitivity to Candida albicans in idiopathic vulvodynia","volume":"53","author":"Ramirez De Knott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contact Dermat"},{"issue":"ement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib18","article-title":"Correlations Between Immunohistochemical Staining and Pain-Related Assessments in Patients with Neuroproliferative Vestibulodynia","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000094","article-title":"What is special about the vulvar vestibule?","volume":"156","author":"Farmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00443-w","article-title":"Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.02.009","article-title":"Proresolving lipid mediators and mechanisms in the resolution of acute inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Buckley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.08.002","article-title":"Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in the inflammatory response: An update","volume":"1801","author":"Bannenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201601222R","article-title":"Treating inflammation and infection in the 21st century: new hints from decoding resolution mediators and mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Serhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5922","DOI":"10.1021\/cr100396c","article-title":"Resolvins and protectins in inflammation resolution","volume":"111","author":"Serhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.02.005","article-title":"Lipoxins: regulators of resolution","volume":"10","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3362","article-title":"The resolution of inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Buckley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20200018","article-title":"Specialized pro-resolving mediator network: an update on production and actions","volume":"64","author":"Chiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib28","article-title":"Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus other oral analgesic agents for acute soft tissue injury","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81s","DOI":"10.18433\/J3T886","article-title":"Evolution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.01.001","article-title":"Rethinking the use of NSAIDs in early acute pain","volume":"44","author":"Sisignano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121514","article-title":"Vulvodynia: pain management strategies","volume":"15","author":"Merlino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141647","article-title":"Resolution phase of inflammation: novel endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators and pathways","volume":"25","author":"Serhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903816","article-title":"Resolution of inflammation in murine autoimmune arthritis is disrupted by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and restored by prostaglandin E2-mediated lipoxin A4 production","volume":"184","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.03.144","article-title":"Specialized pro-resolving mediators reduce pro-nociceptive inflammatory mediator production in models of localized provoked vulvodynia","volume":"22","author":"Falsetta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib35","first-page":"45","article-title":"HI. Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: reliability of diagnosis and evaluation of current diagnostic criteria","volume":"98","author":"Binik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.07.007","article-title":"A role for bradykinin signaling in chronic vulvar pain","volume":"17","author":"Falsetta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2012.07.001","article-title":"The effect of chronological age on the inflammatory response of human fibroblasts","volume":"47","author":"Wolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200103000-00018","article-title":"Ethnic differences in pain tolerance: clinical implications in a chronic pain population","volume":"63","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1993.1142","article-title":"Melanocytes as \"sensory\" and regulatory cells in the epidermis","volume":"164","author":"Slominski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.06.006","article-title":"Reliability and reproducibility of novel methodology for assessment of pressure pain sensitivity in pelvis","volume":"13","author":"Zolnoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600583R","article-title":"Lipidomic analysis of patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity reveals up-regulation of leukotriene B4","volume":"30","author":"Maddipati","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-254383","article-title":"Eicosanomic profiling reveals dominance of the epoxygenase pathway in human amniotic fluid at term in spontaneous labor","volume":"28","author":"Maddipati","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000183922","article-title":"Influence of ethanol on the solubility, ionization and permeation characteristics of ibuprofen in silicone and human skin","volume":"22","author":"Watkinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ski Pharm Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3182459abd","article-title":"Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the importance of drug, delivery, and therapeutic outcome","volume":"22","author":"Barkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib46","article-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","author":"R-project.org","year":"2024","journal-title":"R A Lang Environ Stat Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000364","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Contributes to Proinflammatory Mediator Production in Localized Provoked Vulvodynia","volume":"22","author":"Falsetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Low Genit Trac Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu062","article-title":"Crosstalk between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells","volume":"102","author":"Van Linthout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000483621.23062.8f","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in vestibulodynia [4","volume":"127","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36059","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R100030200","article-title":"Epoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism","volume":"276","author":"Zeldin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01464-x","article-title":"TRP (transient receptor potential) ion channel family: structures, biological functions and therapeutic interventions for diseases","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01249-w","article-title":"Blockage of TRPV4 downregulates the nuclear factor-Kappa B signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory responses and neuronal death in mice with pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus","volume":"43","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196055","article-title":"TRPV4 inhibition attenuates stretch-induced inflammatory cellular responses and lung barrier dysfunction during mechanical ventilation","volume":"13","author":"Pairet","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v032a08","article-title":"Reduced tissue osmolarity increases TRPV4 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines in intervertebral disc cells","volume":"32","author":"Walter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.590261","article-title":"Involvement of neural transient receptor potential channels in peripheral inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Silverman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172408","article-title":"The selective TRPV4 channel antagonist HC-067047 attenuates mechanical allodynia in diabetic mice","volume":"856","author":"Dias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108467","article-title":"Inflammation, lipids, and pain in vulvar disease","volume":"248","author":"Falsetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07512-1","article-title":"Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition protected against angiotensin II-induced adventitial remodeling","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16009","article-title":"Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition enhances production of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator and promotes macrophage plasticity","volume":"180","author":"Abdalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Pharm"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13646","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605908103","article-title":"Enhancement of antinociception by coadministration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors","volume":"103","author":"Schmelzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42840-2","article-title":"Structure of the mitogen-inducible TIS10 gene and demonstration that the TIS10-encoded protein is a functional prostaglandin G\/H synthase","volume":"267","author":"Fletcher","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1215380","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in vulvodynia: key roles for mast cells and fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Tonc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00186","article-title":"Emerging evidence of macrophage contribution to hyperinnervation and nociceptor sensitization in vulvodynia","volume":"12","author":"Barry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.12.008","article-title":"A local inflammatory renin-angiotensin system drives sensory axon sprouting in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"18","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162488599","article-title":"Diversity, topographic differentiation, and positional memory in human fibroblasts","volume":"99","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30633-9","article-title":"Identification, discrimination and heterogeneity of fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Lendahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020119","article-title":"Anatomic demarcation by positional variation in fibroblast gene expression programs","volume":"2","author":"Rinn","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210139","article-title":"Inhibitory feedback control of NF-\u03baB signalling in health and disease","volume":"478","author":"Prescott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114147","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: a current perspective","volume":"180","author":"Bindu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Pharm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12380","article-title":"Adverse effects of perioperative paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review","volume":"58","author":"Mathiesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00676-z","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory drugs could cause chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Wood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00014-21","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs dampen the cytokine and antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib73","article-title":"Ibuprofen modulates macrophage polarization by downregulating poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1703-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins on peripheral nociception","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.krcp.2015.10.004","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in the kidney","volume":"34","author":"N\u00f8rregaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pr"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11660","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.17.11660","article-title":"Arachidonic acid is preferentially metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 to prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2","volume":"274","author":"Brock","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S177967","article-title":"Penetration and efficacy of transdermal NSAIDs in a model of acute joint inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Baranowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2013.05.2016","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of topical versus oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a comprehensive review","volume":"41","author":"Klinge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01641.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and in vivo potency of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"165","author":"Ulu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c01886","article-title":"Movement to the clinic of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor EC5026 as an analgesic for neuropathic pain and for use as a nonaddictive opioid alternative","volume":"64","author":"Hammock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601532113","article-title":"Gene deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase confers resilience to repeated social defeat stress","volume":"113","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9074","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000415R","article-title":"Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, TPPU, increases regulatory T cells pathway in an arthritis model","volume":"34","author":"Trindade-da-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00412","article-title":"Distinct analgesic actions of DHA and DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators on post-operative pain after bone fracture in mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S142424","article-title":"Comparative effects of the omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives resolvins E1 and D1 and protectin DX in models of inflammation and pain","volume":"10","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00745","article-title":"Resolvin D5 inhibits neuropathic and inflammatory pain in male but not female mice: distinct actions of D-series resolvins in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01398-8","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"36","author":"Martini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590025007862?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590025007862?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T08:34:28Z","timestamp":1793522068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1526590025007862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["S1526590025007862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-5900"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-5900","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A cautionary tale: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and localized provoked vulvodynia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pain","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105559","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105559"}}