{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:41:28Z","timestamp":1792615288488,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA030150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA030150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AT008404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AT008404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH120122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpain.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T08:01:37Z","timestamp":1784534497000},"page":"106386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Clinician characteristics and the use of nonpharmacological treatment for acute musculoskeletal pain in an active-duty military population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4494-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Hodgkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rendelle E.","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4450-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel Sayko","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2468-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Moresco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7165-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenneth","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3815-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista B.","family":"Highland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3417-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Jo","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib1","series-title":"Department of Defense. Clinical Practice Guideline For The Use of Opioids in the Management of Chronic Pain","author":"Department of Veterans Affairs","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","article-title":"CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain \u2014 United States, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Dowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","article-title":"Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of P. Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib4","series-title":"Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review","author":"Skelly","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib5","series-title":"Prevention, Care, Education, and Research","article-title":"Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Advancing Pain Research C and Education,. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib6","first-page":"1","volume":"Number 6025.04","author":"Defense Health Agency","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Manag Opioid Saf Mil Health Syst (MHS)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-022-01152-8","article-title":"Military health system opioid, tramadol, and gabapentinoid prescription volumes before and after a defense health agency policy release","author":"Patzkowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib8","article-title":"Trends in annual prescription opioid receipt among US military members in the Military Health System during 2016\u20132021, by service, component, and deployment history","author":"Adams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib9","author":"Rand Corporation","year":"2023","journal-title":"Deliv Pain Care Serv Memb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0830-3","article-title":"Implications of early and guideline adherent physical therapy for low back pain on utilization and costs","volume":"15","author":"Childs","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2017.0290","article-title":"Associations of early treatments for low back pain with military readiness outcomes","author":"Larson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-017-0608-2","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to use of non-pharmacological treatments in chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib13","first-page":"724","article-title":"Challenges with Implementing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Opioid Guideline: A Consensus Panel Report","volume":"20","author":"Kroenke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med Malden Mass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib14","author":"Stroud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Role Nonpharmacological Approaches Pain Manag Proc a Workshop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07700-4","article-title":"The relationship between capacity and utilization of nonpharmacologic therapies in the US Military Health System","volume":"22","author":"Bolton","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38453","article-title":"Substitution of Nonpharmacologic Therapy With Opioid Prescribing for Pain During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx283","article-title":"Opioid Prescribing Patterns and Patient Outcomes by Prescriber Type in the Oregon Prescription Drug Monitoring Program","volume":"19","author":"Fink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2023.230123R2","article-title":"A Cluster Analysis of Initial Primary Care Orders for Patients with Acute Low Back Pain","volume":"36","author":"Joyce","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.05.006","article-title":"Development and Assessment of a Crosswalk Between ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM to Identify Patients with Common Pain Conditions","volume":"20","author":"Mayhew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-1044-x","article-title":"Pain assessment","volume":"15 1","author":"Haefeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib21","series-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2010"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825762b7","article-title":"Use of chiropractic spinal manipulation in older adults is strongly correlated with supply","volume":"37","author":"Whedon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib23","author":"Department of Defense","year":"2023","journal-title":"Report Comm Armed Serv House Represent Improv Med Readiness Phys Ther Serv Prim Care Roles"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab245","article-title":"Implementation of Direct Access Physical Therapy Within the Military Medical System","volume":"187","author":"Szymanek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.15328","article-title":"Clinical Knowledge and Trends in Physicians\u2019 Prescribing of Opioids for New Onset Back Pain, 2009-2017","volume":"4","author":"Gray","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib26","article-title":"Clinician approaches to new spine pain cases in primary care: Balance of opioid prescribing and early linkage to exercise therapy and spinal manipulation","author":"Bauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.04.006","article-title":"Back and neck pain: in support of routine delivery of non-pharmacologic treatments as a way to improve individual and population health","volume":"234","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.40612","article-title":"Trends in the Use of Opioids vs Nonpharmacologic Treatments in Adults With Pain, 2011-2019","volume":"5","author":"Pritchard","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109930","article-title":"Prevalence of opioid and nonopioid pain management therapies among Medicare beneficiaries with musculoskeletal pain conditions from 2016 to 2019","volume":"248","author":"Moyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S152659002600204X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S152659002600204X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:53:48Z","timestamp":1792612428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S152659002600204X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S152659002600204X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-5900"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-5900","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinician characteristics and the use of nonpharmacological treatment for acute musculoskeletal pain in an active-duty military population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pain","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106386","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106386"}}