{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:34:36Z","timestamp":1793712876672,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpain.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T06:05:49Z","timestamp":1788761149000},"page":"106435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Phenotyping strategies for chronic overlapping pain conditions and internalizing disorders in Veterans: Prevalence, comorbidity, and latent structure as evidence for construct validity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4112-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Gasperi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6051-7473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armand","family":"Gerstenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9702-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus G.","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niloofar","family":"Afari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9_","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.06.002","article-title":"Overlapping chronic pain conditions: implications for diagnosis and classification","volume":"17","author":"Maixner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib2","article-title":"Impact of chronic overlapping pain conditions on public health and the urgent need for safe and effective treatment: 2015 analysis and policy recommendations","author":"Veasley","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chronic Pain Res Alliance"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002130","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and Central Sensitization in Chronic and Widespread Pain","volume":"129","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib4","article-title":"Pain amplification\u2014A perspective on the how, why, when, and where of central sensitization","volume":"23","author":"Woolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appli Biobeh Res"},{"issue":"3_","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.09.001","article-title":"How neuroimaging studies have challenged us to rethink: is chronic pain a disease?","volume":"10","author":"Tracey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib7","article-title":"The neurobiology of central sensitization","volume":"23","author":"Harte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appli Biobeh Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258","article-title":"The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies","volume":"126","author":"Kotov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.921","article-title":"The structure of common mental disorders","volume":"56","author":"Krueger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021060836","article-title":"Biobanks Linked to Electronic Health Records Accelerate Genomic Discovery","volume":"32","author":"Crawford","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"R1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R14","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy081","article-title":"Electronic health records: the next wave of complex disease genetics","volume":"27","author":"Wolford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"e2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-002428","article-title":"Electronic health records-driven phenotyping: challenges, recent advances, and perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Pathak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-122320-112352","article-title":"Using Phecodes for Research with the Electronic Health Record: From PheWAS to PheRS","volume":"4","author":"Bastarache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci"},{"issue":"8_3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31829b1dbd","article-title":"Caveats for the use of operational electronic health record data in comparative effectiveness research","volume":"51","author":"Hersh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2023-0416","article-title":"The Problem of Pain in Rheumatology: Variations in Case Definitions Derived From Chronic Pain Phenotyping Algorithms Using Electronic Health Records","volume":"51","author":"Falasinnu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.05.007","article-title":"ICD-10 Codes for the Study of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions in Administrative Databases","volume":"21","author":"Schrepf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.104775","article-title":"Refining chronic pain phenotypes: A comparative analysis of sociodemographic and disease-related determinants using electronic health records","volume":"28","author":"Begum","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv202","article-title":"PheKB: a catalog and workflow for creating electronic phenotype algorithms for transportability","volume":"23","author":"Kirby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040957","article-title":"Construct validity in psychological tests","volume":"52","author":"Cronbach","year":"1955","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.09.016","article-title":"Million Veteran Program: A mega-biobank to study genetic influences on health and disease","volume":"70","author":"Gaziano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2012-00805","article-title":"Central sensitization as a component of post-deployment syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12646","article-title":"Rurality impacts pain care for female veterans similarly to male veterans","volume":"39","author":"Hadlandsmyth","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002598","article-title":"Craving of prescription opioids among veterans with chronic pain","volume":"163","author":"Toor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib24","first-page":"233","article-title":"Chronic overlapping pain conditions and long-term opioid treatment","volume":"29","author":"Ukhanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.10.021","article-title":"Severe Pain in Veterans: The Effect of Age and Sex, and Comparisons With the General Population","volume":"18","author":"Nahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.2299","article-title":"Migraine Prevalence, Environmental Risk, and Comorbidities in Men and Women Veterans","volume":"7","author":"Gasperi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000567","article-title":"The musculoskeletal diagnosis cohort: examining pain and pain care among veterans","volume":"157","author":"Goulet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2258","article-title":"Veterans with chronic pain: Examining gender differences in pain type, overlap, and the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"28","author":"Hadlandsmyth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"7624","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/NAQ.0000000000000118","article-title":"The veterans affairs's corporate data warehouse: uses and implications for nursing research and practice","volume":"39","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs Adm Q"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0054","article-title":"Insights from advanced analytics at the Veterans Health Administration","volume":"33","author":"Fihn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06258-3","article-title":"Opioid Prescribing and Opioid Risk Mitigation Strategies in the Veterans Health Administration","volume":"35","author":"Sandbrink","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/15360288.2022.2089437","article-title":"Validation of ICD-9 Codes for Identification of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions","volume":"36","author":"Irwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2749","article-title":"Systematic comparison of phenome-wide association study of electronic medical record data and genome-wide association study data","volume":"31","author":"Denny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175508","article-title":"Evaluating phecodes, clinical classification software, and ICD-9-CM codes for phenome-wide association studies in the electronic health record","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/14325","article-title":"Mapping ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM codes to phecodes: workflow development and initial evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq126","article-title":"PheWAS: demonstrating the feasibility of a phenome-wide scan to discover gene-disease associations","volume":"26","author":"Denny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22399","article-title":"Validation of an Electronic Medical Record-Based Algorithm for Identifying Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in U.S. Veterans","volume":"32","author":"Harrington","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01160-z","article-title":"Cross-ancestry meta-analysis of opioid use disorder uncovers novel loci with predominant effects in brain regions associated with addiction","volume":"25","author":"Kember","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1206","article-title":"Association of OPRM1 functional coding variant with opioid use disorder: a genome-wide association study","volume":"77","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib41","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.5.2","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib42","series-title":"psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research. R package version 2.6.4","author":"Revelle","year":"2026"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428104263675","article-title":"Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: a tutorial on parallel analysis","volume":"7","author":"Hayton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib44","series-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis","volume":"10","author":"Costello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: AnRPackage for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294210","article-title":"A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators","volume":"49","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.466","article-title":"An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data","volume":"9","author":"Flora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005","article-title":"Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sociol Methods & Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1055-2","article-title":"RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods","volume":"51","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.983","article-title":"Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services","volume":"7","author":"Valderas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000967","article-title":"Program VAMV. Exploring Sex Differences in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Prevalence, Environmental Risk, and Comorbidities: A Population-Based Cohort Study of Veterans","volume":"17","author":"Gasperi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.04.015","article-title":"Pain and Trauma: The Role of Criterion A Trauma and Stressful Life Events in the Pain and PTSD Relationship","volume":"22","author":"Gasperi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib55","first-page":"1156","article-title":"The effect of number of healthcare visits on study sample selection in electronic health record data","volume":"5","author":"Rasmussen-Torvik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","article-title":"Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)","volume":"160","author":"Treede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S329280","article-title":"Central Sensitization in Migraine: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2174\/157339711102150702112236","article-title":"Editorial review: an update on central sensitivity syndromes and the issues of nosology and psychobiology","volume":"11","author":"Yunus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20087","article-title":"The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD\/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology","volume":"13","author":"Cuthbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12424","article-title":"Evidence for acute central sensitization to prolonged experimental pain in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"15","author":"Moeller-Bertram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000899","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Pain Conditions in Men: A Twin Study","volume":"83","author":"Gasperi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.09.0397","article-title":"An examination of the relationship between chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"40","author":"Otis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s127-002-8210-2","article-title":"Longitudinal relationship between pain and depression in older adults: sex, age and physical disability","volume":"37","author":"Geerlings","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002922","article-title":"Genetic risk shared across 24 chronic pain conditions: identification and characterization with genomic structural equation modeling","volume":"164","author":"Zorina-Lichtenwalter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s15","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2581","article-title":"Overlap of five chronic pain conditions: temporomandibular disorders, headache, back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia","volume":"34","author":"Slade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.02.023","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapy in pain and psychological disorders: Towards a hybrid future","volume":"87","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000425","article-title":"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"33","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0659-9","article-title":"Identification and Management of Chronic Pain in Primary Care: a Review","volume":"18","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib69","article-title":"Central sensitization in neurological, psychiatric, and pain disorders: a multicenter case-controlled study","volume":"2021","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.09.005","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis and comorbid non-urological overlapping pain conditions: A co-twin control study","volume":"102","author":"Gasperi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000456","article-title":"Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sleep, Pain, and Depression Symptoms in a Community Sample of Twins","volume":"79","author":"Gasperi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0566-x","article-title":"Genomic structural equation modelling provides insights into the multivariate genetic architecture of complex traits","volume":"3","author":"Grotzinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"e1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-000896","article-title":"Validation of electronic medical record-based phenotyping algorithms: results and lessons learned from the eMERGE network","volume":"20","author":"Newton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf234","article-title":"Measuring the accuracy of electronic health record-based phenotyping in the All of Us Research Program to optimize statistical power for genetic association testing","volume":"33","author":"Baierl","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2016.05.005","article-title":"Clinical phenotyping in selected national networks: demonstrating the need for high-throughput, portable, and computational methods","volume":"71","author":"Richesson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0594-5","article-title":"Minimal phenotyping yields genome-wide association signals of low specificity for major depression","volume":"52","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww112","article-title":"Controlling for Informed Presence Bias Due to the Number of Health Encounters in an Electronic Health Record","volume":"184","author":"Goldstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib78","first-page":"22","article-title":"Illustrating Informed Presence Bias in Electronic Health Records Data: How Patient Interactions with a Health System Can Impact Inference","volume":"5","author":"Phelan","year":"2017","journal-title":"EGEMS (Wash DC)"},{"issue":"R1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa192","article-title":"Implicit bias of encoded variables: frameworks for addressing structured bias in EHR-GWAS data","volume":"29","author":"Duenas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103258","article-title":"PheValuator: Development and evaluation of a phenotype algorithm evaluator","volume":"97","author":"Swerdel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2022.104177","article-title":"PheValuator 2.0: Methodological improvements for the PheValuator approach to semi-automated phenotype algorithm evaluation","volume":"135","author":"Swerdel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14815","article-title":"Cognitive symptoms in veterans with migraine or traumatic brain injury: A Million Veteran Program study","volume":"65","author":"Herbert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0174","article-title":"Exploring Interactions Between Traumatic Brain Injury History and Gender on Medical Comorbidities in Military Veterans: An Epidemiological Analysis in the VA Million Veteran Program","volume":"41","author":"Merritt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2007.12.006","article-title":"Availability of gynecologic services in the department of veterans affairs","volume":"18","author":"Seelig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"issue":"4_1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000312","article-title":"Assessment of the healthcare needs and barriers to VA use experienced by women veterans: findings from the national survey of women Veterans","volume":"53","author":"Washington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Care"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590026002531?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1526590026002531?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:01:22Z","timestamp":1793710882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1526590026002531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["S1526590026002531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-5900"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-5900","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Phenotyping strategies for chronic overlapping pain conditions and internalizing disorders in Veterans: Prevalence, comorbidity, and latent structure as evidence for construct validity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pain","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2026.106435","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of United States Association for the Study of Pain, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106435"}}