{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:10:59Z","timestamp":1793045459646,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022GXNSFBA035485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GXNSFBA035485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022GXNSFAA035460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GXNSFAA035460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AB22035076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AB22035076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020GXNSFBA297033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GXNSFBA297033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82260899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260899"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T02:19:37Z","timestamp":1681179577000},"page":"115392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Investigation of therapeutic effects of rhubarb decoction retention enema on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in rats based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing and bile acid metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanqin","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangjiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guochu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23216","article-title":"Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: Implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"50","author":"Bajaj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2020.01.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"24","author":"Elsaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib3","first-page":"S37","article-title":"Definition and nomenclature of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"5","author":"Dharel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.03.033","article-title":"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy and mild cognitive impairment worsen quality of life in elderly patients with cirrhosis","volume":"18","author":"Bajaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. H."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2012.73.2.79","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"73","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-013-9428-9","article-title":"Evidence of a vicious cycle in glutamine synthesis and breakdown in pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy-therapeutic perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Holecek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G400","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00073.2015","article-title":"GR3027 antagonizes GABAA receptor-potentiating neurosteroids and restores spatial learning and motor coordination in rats with chronic hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"309","author":"Johansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.10.011","article-title":"Interplay between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission alterations in cognitive and motor impairment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"88","author":"Llansola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-017-0813-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Nishida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.05.017","article-title":"Role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and delayed gastrointestinal transit time in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"53","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9370-2","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"Tranah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.99","article-title":"The liver-brain axis in liver failure: neuroinflammation and encephalopathy","volume":"10","author":"Butterworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.02.008","article-title":"FXR-mediated cortical cholesterol accumulation contributes to the pathogenesis of type A hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"6","author":"McMillin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21049","article-title":"The bile acid receptor TGR5 (Gpbar-1) acts as a neurosteroid receptor in brain","volume":"58","author":"Keitel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.113.008201","article-title":"Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacool. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1864","article-title":"A biosynthetic pathway for a prominent class of microbiota-derived bile acids","volume":"11","author":"Devlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)00051-4","article-title":"A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis","volume":"6","author":"Goodwin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.09.001","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Inagaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X12500188","article-title":"Comprehension of the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"40","author":"Xutian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.02.024","article-title":"Gut microbiota, a new frontier to understand traditional Chinese medicines","volume":"142","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153496","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicines differentially modulate the gut microbiota based on their nature (Yao-Xing)","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib22","first-page":"22","article-title":"Long Fuli Theoretical discussion on the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy with the method of \"dredging the internal organs and opening the orifices","author":"Dewen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sichuan Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"issue":"08","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib23","first-page":"1825","article-title":"Study on extraction technology of compound Rhubarb enteric enema Liquid with multiple indexes","volume":"15","author":"Minyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Sci. Technol. -- Mod. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"issue":"07","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib24","first-page":"1639","article-title":"Optimization of extraction process of compound rhubarb enema liquid by orthogonal test","volume":"24","author":"Xiaoyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shi Zhen Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib25","first-page":"1778","article-title":"Compound rhubarb intestinal juice filling quality review","volume":"21","author":"Minyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"issue":"04","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib26","first-page":"9","article-title":"Identification method of Rhubarb enteric Liquid by thin layer chromatography and limited detection method of Rhubarb side","volume":"10","author":"Minyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"North. Pharm."},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib27","first-page":"58","article-title":"Determination of citric acid in Compound rhubarb enema solution by HPLC","volume":"12","author":"Xiaoyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib28","unstructured":"Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic and acute liver failure. J clin hepatobiliary dis, 2021, 37(09):2045\u20132053.(In Chinese)."},{"issue":"05","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib29","first-page":"523","article-title":"Effect of rhubarb decoction retention enema on endotoxin and blood ammonia levels in mild mini-hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00191","article-title":"Bile acid-mediated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 signaling promotes neuroinflammation during hepatic encephalopathy in mice","volume":"11","author":"McMillin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib31","first-page":"139","article-title":"Analysis of specific metabolite profiles in mild mini-hepatic encephalopathy based on GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS metabolomics analysis platform","volume":"32","author":"Guochu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hepatobiliary Dis."},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib32","first-page":"220","article-title":"Effects of Rhubarb Decoction retention enema on serum metabolites in patients with mild and micro hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"57","author":"Guochu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib33","article-title":"Clinical observation of rhubarb mixture retention enema for treatment of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Med. Eng."},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib34","first-page":"33","article-title":"Preparation of a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy induced by carbon tetrachloride","volume":"22","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Comp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib35","first-page":"72","article-title":"The dose-effect relationship of thioacetamide induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats","volume":"03","author":"Meihua","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Guangzhou Med. Coll."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib36","first-page":"205","article-title":"Establishment a rat model of mild hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide","volume":"05","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Chin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090414","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy in thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure in rats: characterization of an improved model and study of amino acid-ergic neurotransmission","volume":"9","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14911","article-title":"2021 ISHEN guidelines on animal models of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"41","author":"DeMorrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.06.006","article-title":"Development of a porcine model of post-hepatectomy liver failure","volume":"170","author":"Arkadopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib40","first-page":"1811","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy by Salvia miltiorrhiza injection and its mechanism","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112301","article-title":"BabaoDan cures hepatic encephalopathy by decreasing ammonia levels and alleviating inflammation in rats","volume":"249","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111084","article-title":"Babao Dan improves neurocognitive function by inhibiting inflammation in clinical minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"135","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7992688","article-title":"Electroacupuncture synergistically inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production and improves cognitive function in rats with cognitive impairment due to hepatic encephalopathy through p38MAPK\/STAT3 and TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"2021","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib44","article-title":"Abnormal brain oxygen homeostasis in an animal model of liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Hadjihambi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i19.3044","article-title":"Correlation between TIMP-1 expression and liver fibrosis in two rat liver fibrosis models","volume":"12","author":"Nie","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.764","article-title":"Synthesis of platelet-activating factor and its receptor expression in Kupffer cells in rat carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.12.016","article-title":"Fraxinus rhynchophylla ethanol extract attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats via down-regulating the expressions of uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1","volume":"127","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5964","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901564","article-title":"Ethanol augments RANTES\/CCL5 expression in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and human endothelial cells via activation of NF-kappa B, HIF-1 alpha, and AP-1","volume":"183","author":"Yeligar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","article-title":"Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2's q2-feature-classifier plugin","volume":"6","author":"Bokulich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib52","first-page":"27663","article-title":"Analysis of composition of microbiomes: a novel method for studying microbial composition","volume":"26","author":"Mandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Micro Ecol. Health Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005752","article-title":"mixOmics: An R package for 'omics feature selection and multiple data integration","volume":"13","author":"Rohart","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","article-title":"PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions","volume":"38","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S304497","article-title":"Microbial ecosystem in diabetes mellitus: consideration of the gastrointestinal system","volume":"14","author":"Yehualashet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib57","first-page":"151","article-title":"The burden of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: from diagnosis to therapeutic strategies","volume":"31","author":"Ridola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2018.6","article-title":"Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review of point-of-care diagnostic tests","volume":"113","author":"Tapper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2020.01.012","article-title":"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"24","author":"Karanfilian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2021.05.001","article-title":"Development of the general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition: A review","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1142\/S2575900018500155","article-title":"Protective effect of rhubarb against intestinal mucosal barrier injury in rats with obstructive jaundice","volume":"01","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tradit. Med. Mod. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v3.i2.81","article-title":"Protective effect of rhubarb on the intestinal mucosal barrier","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.03.053","article-title":"Investigation of the \"dose-time-response\" relationships of rhubarb on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats","volume":"135","author":"Xing","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112755","article-title":"Mumefural ameliorates cognitive impairment in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion via regulating the septohippocampal cholinergic system and neuroinflammation","volume":"11","author":"Bang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib65","article-title":"Ameliorating effects of ethanol extract of fructus mume on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice","volume":"2015","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement Altern. Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.066","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis: from motility to mood","volume":"160","author":"Margolis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v11.i6.522","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors increase the severity of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients","volume":"11","author":"Fasullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.04.008","article-title":"Predicting clinical outcomes of cirrhosis patients with hepatic encephalopathy from the fecal microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Sung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12695","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Lactobacillus GG modulates gut microbiome, metabolome and endotoxemia in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2011.11","article-title":"Effects of Bifidobacterium breve on inflammatory gene expression in neonatal and weaning rat intestine","volume":"71","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pedia Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-007-9104-1","article-title":"Prior stimulation of antigen-presenting cells with Lactobacillus regulates excessive antigen-specific cytokine responses in vitro when compared with Bacteroides","volume":"55","author":"Tsuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28696","article-title":"Gut microbiota drive the development of neuroinflammatory response in cirrhosis in mice","volume":"64","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2019.04.003","article-title":"Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in cirrhotic patients","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1000850","article-title":"Gut flora and hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"362","author":"Riordan","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2018.04.028","article-title":"Functional microbiomics: Evaluation of gut microbiota-bile acid metabolism interactions in health and disease","volume":"149","author":"Mullish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.119","article-title":"Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2017.72424","article-title":"Evaluation of FGF-19 and \u03b2-klotho as biomarkers in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Tayyar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26800","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26800","article-title":"Impaired gut-liver-brain axis in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stimulation of ATP secretion in the liver by therapeutic bile acids","volume":"358","author":"Nathanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.01.159","article-title":"Bile acids permeabilize the blood brain barrier after bile duct ligation in rats via Rac1-dependent mechanisms","volume":"46","author":"Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMillin M., Frampton G., Quinn M., Ashfaq S., de los Santos M 3rd, Grant S, DeMorrow S. Bile Acid Signaling Is Involved in the Neurological Decline in a Murine Model of Acute Liver Failure. Am J Pathol. 2016 Feb;186(2):312\u2013323. doi: 10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.10.005. Epub 2015 Dec 9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.10.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.217","article-title":"Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the Alzheimer Disease Metabolomics Consortium. Altered bile acid profile associates with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease-An emerging role for gut microbiome","volume":"15","author":"MahmoudianDehkordi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0731708523001619?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0731708523001619?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T18:06:42Z","timestamp":1777572402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0731708523001619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S0731708523001619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392","relation":{},"ISSN":["0731-7085"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0731-7085","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Investigation of therapeutic effects of rhubarb decoction retention enema on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in rats based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing and bile acid metabolomics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115392","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115392"}}