{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:57:15Z","timestamp":1793145435482,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","jpeds.com","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T01:50:27Z","timestamp":1712973027000},"page":"114056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Psychotropic Medication Use and Polypharmacy Among Children and Adolescents Initiating Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Severe Challenging Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Pauls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Cates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya D.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alithea N.","family":"Zorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su7102a1","article-title":"Mental health Surveillance among children \u2014 United States, 2013\u20132019","volume":"71","author":"Bitsko","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-115.4.291","article-title":"Impact on siblings of children with intellectual disability: the role of child behavior problems","volume":"115","author":"Neece","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000283","article-title":"Developmental cascades of peer relations and symptoms of externalizing and internalizing problems from kindergarten to fourth-grade elementary school","volume":"22","author":"van Lier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00387.x","article-title":"Show me the child at seven: the consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood","volume":"46","author":"Fergusson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01733.x","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: results from the National comorbidity survey replication","volume":"48","author":"Nock","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.021","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US Children","volume":"206","author":"Ghandour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib7","series-title":"Behavior modification in applied settings","author":"Kazdin","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2008.08.008","article-title":"A review of empirical support for differential reinforcement of alternative behavior","volume":"30","author":"Petscher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.265","article-title":"Functional communication training during reinforcement schedule thinning: an analysis of 25 applications","volume":"49","author":"Greer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Behav Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1998.31-211","article-title":"Effectiveness of functional communication training with and without extinction and punishment: a summary of 21 inpatient cases","volume":"31","author":"Hagopian","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Behav Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.436","article-title":"Achieving socially significant reductions in problem behavior following the interview-informed synthesized contingency analysis: a summary of 25 outpatient applications","volume":"51","author":"Jessel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Behav Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04451-1","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of functional communication training via telehealth for young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"50","author":"Lindgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.189","article-title":"Meta-analysis of noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior","volume":"48","author":"Richman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Behav Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05402-0","article-title":"Trends in geographic access to board certified behavior analysts among children with autism spectrum disorder, 2018\u20132021","volume":"52","author":"Yingling","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201900058","article-title":"Supply of certified applied behavior analysts in the United States: Implications for service delivery for children with autism","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2695","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of wait time reduction for intensive behavioral intervention services in Ontario, Canada","volume":"171","author":"Piccininni","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0930-6","article-title":"What do parents perceive are the barriers and facilitators to accessing psychological treatment for mental health problems in children and adolescents? A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies","volume":"26","author":"Reardon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000365150","article-title":"Cost-utility analyses of cognitive-behavioural therapy of depression: a systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Brettschneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.3.468","article-title":"Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the prevention of relapse and recurrence in major depression","volume":"76","author":"Dobson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib20","first-page":"588","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of treatments for adolescent depression: results from TADS","volume":"165","author":"Domino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00010","article-title":"Multimodal treatment of ADHD in the MTA: an alternative outcome analysis","volume":"40","author":"Conners","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0710","article-title":"Cost-efficacy of individual and combined treatments for panic disorder","volume":"68","author":"McHugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30269-4","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.4.677","article-title":"Long-term, open-label study of risperidone in children with severe disruptive behaviors and below-average IQ","volume":"161","author":"Findling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.008","article-title":"Systematic review: Pharmacological treatment of tic disorders \u2013 efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents","volume":"37","author":"Weisman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2528","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"144","author":"Wolraich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0128","article-title":"Experts' recommendations for treating maladaptive aggression in youth","volume":"21","author":"Pappadopulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.018","article-title":"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)","volume":"59","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2009.0048","article-title":"Effectiveness of medication combined with intensive behavioral intervention for reducing aggression in youth with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"20","author":"Frazier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib30","first-page":"1628","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of ADHD treatments: findings from the Multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD","volume":"162","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0123","article-title":"Methylphenidate has superior efficacy over parent\u2013child interaction therapy for preschool children with disruptive behaviors","volume":"28","author":"van der Veen-Mulders","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-018-0204-6","article-title":"Psychotropic medication in children and adolescents in the United States in the year 2004 vs 2014","volume":"26","author":"Lopez-Leon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1413512","article-title":"Trends in mental health care among children and adolescents","volume":"372","author":"Olfson","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.12.006","article-title":"Psychotropic medication treatment of adolescents: results from the national Comorbidity Survey\u2013adolescent Supplement","volume":"52","author":"Olfson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0240","article-title":"Patterns of early mental health diagnosis and medication treatment in a Medicaid-insured birth cohort","volume":"172","author":"Pennap","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0900D","article-title":"Use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"130","author":"Coury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.431","article-title":"Medication use in US youth with mental disorders","volume":"167","author":"Merikangas","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1895M","article-title":"Therapy and psychotropic medication use in young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"145","author":"Ziskind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2974","article-title":"Variations in mental health diagnosis and prescribing across pediatric primary care practices","volume":"137","author":"Mayne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116636107","article-title":"BAP Position Statement: off-label prescribing of psychotropic medication to children and adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201700260","article-title":"Prevalence, time trends, and utilization patterns of psychotropic polypharmacy among pediatric Medicaid beneficiaries, 1999-2010","volume":"69","author":"Soria Saucedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.05.010","article-title":"Growth in the concurrent use of antipsychotics with other psychotropic medications in Medicaid-enrolled children","volume":"53","author":"Kreider","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313497537","article-title":"Psychotropic medication trends among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in the Medicaid program","volume":"18","author":"Schubart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300327","article-title":"A pilot study of risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol in psychotic youth: a double-blind, randomized, 8-week trial","volume":"29","author":"Sikich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.8.865","article-title":"Antidepressant drug therapy and suicide in severely depressed children and adults: a case-control study","volume":"63","author":"Olfson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000220851.94392.30","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic adverse effects of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Correll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2013.0036","article-title":"Side effects from use of one or more psychiatric medications in a population-based sample of children and adolescents","volume":"24","author":"Hilt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12359","article-title":"Prevalence of psychotropic medication use and association with challenging behaviour in adults with an intellectual disability. A total population study","volume":"61","author":"Bowring","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104182","article-title":"Factors associated with use of medication for behavioral challenges in adults with intellectual and developmental disability","volume":"123","author":"Erickson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.3068","article-title":"Psychotropic medication and psychotropic polypharmacy among children and adolescents in the US child welfare system","volume":"177","author":"Radel","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-019-00179-5","article-title":"Psychotropic medication in intellectual and developmental disabilities: patterns of use and recommendations for monitoring effects","volume":"6","author":"Valdovinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.644741","article-title":"Psychotropic polypharmacy in the US pediatric population: a methodologic critique and commentary","volume":"12","author":"Zito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-019-0151-7","article-title":"Adverse events associated with risperidone use in pediatric patients: a retrospective biobank study","volume":"6","author":"Oshikoya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Real World Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00517-3","article-title":"Emergence of psychiatric adverse events during antipsychotic treatment in AP-na\u00efve children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Menard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-013-0016-6","article-title":"Weight gain and other metabolic adverse effects associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Almandil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-017-9570-0","article-title":"Adverse side effects of psychotropic medication and challenging behavior: pilot work assessing impact","volume":"29","author":"Valdovinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dev Phys Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5690","article-title":"Trends in prescription medication use among children and adolescents\u2014United States, 1999-2014","volume":"319","author":"Hales","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2013.0119","article-title":"Aberrant behaviors and co-occurring conditions as predictors of psychotropic polypharmacy among children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"25","author":"Logan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-016-0118-z","article-title":"BACB certification trends: state of the states (1999 to 2014)","volume":"9","author":"Deochand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Anal Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1417860","article-title":"Prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and associated treatment among U.S. children and adolescents, 2016","volume":"47","author":"Danielson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-059416","article-title":"Trends in office-based anxiety treatment among US children, youth, and young adults: 2006\u20132018","volume":"152","author":"Chavez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-124.5.450","article-title":"Behavioral treatment of self-injury: 2001 to 2016","volume":"124","author":"Shawler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2016.12.004","article-title":"Examining psychotropic medication use among youth in the U.S. by race\/ethnicity and psychological impairment","volume":"45","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11030387","article-title":"Stimulant medication use among U.S. children: a twelve-year perspective","volume":"169","author":"Zuvekas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.1.17","article-title":"Psychotropic practice patterns for youth: a 10-year perspective","volume":"157","author":"Zito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11040501","article-title":"Parental factors associated with child or adolescent medication adherence: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Kalaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0710-2","article-title":"American parents\u2019 willingness to prescribe psychoactive drugs to children: a test of cultural mediators","volume":"48","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.09.001","article-title":"Parental factors affecting pediatric medication management in underserved communities","volume":"23","author":"Rungvivatjarus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00369","article-title":"Rural residents with mental health needs have fewer care visits than urban counterparts","volume":"38","author":"Kirby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.11.028","article-title":"Ongoing disparities in digital and in-person access to child psychiatric services in the United States","volume":"61","author":"McBain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201900555","article-title":"Telemedicine for mental health in the United States: making progress, still a long way to go","volume":"71","author":"Barnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347624001598?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347624001598?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T02:00:48Z","timestamp":1740794448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022347624001598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S0022347624001598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3476","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Psychotropic Medication Use and Polypharmacy Among Children and Adolescents Initiating Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Severe Challenging Behavior","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114056","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114056"}}