{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T00:37:49Z","timestamp":1794443869515,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005688","name":"Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006392","name":"Lausanne University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002738","name":"Public Assistance Hospitals Paris","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006390","name":"University of Lausanne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006390","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpeds.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T02:09:43Z","timestamp":1758938983000},"page":"114835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sustained Increase in Pediatric Mastoiditis in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A 9-Year Interrupted Time-Series Analysis Based on National Data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"289","author":[{"given":"Apolline","family":"Furgier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Basmaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaba","family":"Valtuille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Fafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zein","family":"Assad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Lenglart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Teissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilien","family":"Chebib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Bourmaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Angoulvant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre Alex","family":"Crisinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Birgy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na\u00efm","family":"Ouldali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0063-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon","family":"Jaboyedoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001929","article-title":"Acute otitis media and associated complications in United States emergency departments","volume":"39","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200310000-00004","article-title":"Natural history of untreated otitis media","volume":"113","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00430-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"25","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.07.014","article-title":"Acute mastoiditis: 20 years of experience with a uniform management protocol","volume":"125","author":"Mansour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2023.111611","article-title":"Surgical management of mastoiditis with intratemporal and intracranial complications in children. Outcome, complications, and predictive factors","volume":"171","author":"Guill\u00e9n-Lozada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000951","article-title":"Severe acute mastoiditis admission is not related to delayed antibiotic treatment for antecedent acute otitis media","volume":"35","author":"Grossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.05.019","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory, and microbiological differences between children with simple or complicated mastoiditis","volume":"73","author":"Bilavsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003767","article-title":"Fluctuations in pediatric acute otitis media burden during the first two COVID-19 years in Israel","volume":"42","author":"Zloczower","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib9","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: impact caused by school closure and national lockdown on pediatric visits and admissions for viral and non-viral infections, a time series analysis","volume":"72","author":"Angoulvant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112457","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on otitis media","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00077-7","volume":"3","author":"Brueggemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04015-0","article-title":"The impact of lockdown on pediatric ED visits and hospital admissions during the COVID19 pandemic: a multicenter analysis and review of the literature","volume":"180","author":"Kruizinga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib13","article-title":"Immune debt: recrudescence of disease and confirmation of a contested concept","volume":"53","author":"Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Now"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.05.004","article-title":"Pediatric infectious disease group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap?","volume":"51","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Now"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08704-y","article-title":"Increase in acute mastoiditis at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"281","author":"Goldberg-Bockhorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31366","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on hospital admissions of common head and neck infections","volume":"134","author":"Urichuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08647-4","article-title":"Rise in complications of acute otitis media during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"281","author":"Hollborn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09296-x","article-title":"Shifting patterns of acute otitis media and mastoiditis through COVID-19 era: analysis of pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic dynamics","volume":"282","author":"Peyser-Rosenberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114672","article-title":"Changes in clinical and microbiological characteristics of acute mastoiditis in children: a comparative study between 2001-2008 and 2021-2024","volume":"285","author":"Chebib","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib23","author":"Roser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt092","article-title":"Time series regression studies in environmental epidemiology","volume":"42","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib25","article-title":"Surge of pediatric respiratory tract infections after the COVID-19 pandemic and the concept of \u201cImmune Debt\u201d","volume":"284","author":"Lenglart","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib26","article-title":"Trends in pediatric ambulatory community acquired infections before and during COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective multicentric surveillance study in France","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2025.112240","article-title":"Acute pediatric mastoiditis numbers and related complications before during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"189","author":"Khalifee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib28","author":"Cohen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06440-w","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) seroprevalence in France: impact of vaccination schedules","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad188","article-title":"Unexpected increase in invasive group A streptococcal infections in children after respiratory viruses outbreak in France: a 15-Year time-series analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lassoued","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1086\/430605","article-title":"Acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in children","volume":"41","author":"Segal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47929-7","article-title":"Rapid expansion and international spread of M1UK in the post-pandemic UK upsurge of Streptococcus pyogenes","volume":"15","author":"Vieira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2703","article-title":"Pneumococcal mastoiditis in children and the emergence of multidrug-resistant serotype 19A isolates","volume":"122","author":"Ongkasuwan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000995","article-title":"Pneumococcal mastoiditis in children before and after the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines","volume":"35","author":"Koutouzis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106247","article-title":"Trends in invasive Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) disease in England: 2012\/13 to 2022\/23","volume":"89","author":"Hani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib37","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in nasopharyngeal carriage of children with acute otitis media and in middle ear fluid from otorrhea","volume":"12","author":"Assad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiot Basel Switz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000004346","article-title":"Increasing incidence of Streptococcus anginosus group intracranial infections associated with sinusitis, otitis media, and mastoiditis in children","volume":"43","author":"Hoyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib39","article-title":"Cycles of susceptibility: immunity debt explains altered infectious disease dynamics post-pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Munro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01277-6","article-title":"Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after COVID-19 pandemic disruption","volume":"400","author":"Messacar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347625003762?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347625003762?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:59:16Z","timestamp":1773817156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022347625003762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0022347625003762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3476","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sustained Increase in Pediatric Mastoiditis in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A 9-Year Interrupted Time-Series Analysis Based on National Data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114835","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114835"}}