{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:19:16Z","timestamp":1773249556438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpeds.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T16:31:07Z","timestamp":1765989067000},"page":"114959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prediction of Language Development in Neonates Born at Less than 32 Weeks of Gestation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"290","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3191-9368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Pointner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Savran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Mader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Steinbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Fuiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Steyrl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S2","article-title":"Born too soon: the global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births","volume":"10","author":"Blencowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib7","series-title":"Risikofaktor Fr\u00fchgeburt: entwicklungsrisiken erkennen und behandeln","author":"Von der Wense","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13118","article-title":"Linguistic features in children born very preterm at preschool age","volume":"58","author":"Guarini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.1105","article-title":"Preterm birth: neuropsychological profiles and atypical developmental pathways","volume":"17","author":"Sansavini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.006","article-title":"Long-term stability of language performance in very preterm, moderate-late preterm, and term children","volume":"181","author":"Putnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.014","article-title":"Does preterm birth increase a child's risk for language impairment?","volume":"86","author":"Sansavini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1728","article-title":"Language functions in preterm-born children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Van Noort-van Der Spek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419001536","article-title":"Preterm birth and risk for language delays before school entry: a sibling-control study","volume":"33","author":"Zambrana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJSLP-19-00049","article-title":"Language, motor, and cognitive outcomes of toddlers who were born preterm","volume":"29","author":"Loeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315843","article-title":"Language in 2-year-old children born preterm and term: a cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31820b7882","article-title":"Biological and environmental factors as predictors of language skills in very preterm children at 5 years of age","volume":"32","author":"Howard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib18","author":"Nelson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020189","article-title":"Risk factors of language delay at two years of corrected age among very-low-birth-weight preterm infants: a population-based study","volume":"10","author":"Tseng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib20","author":"Soares"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01779-x","article-title":"Language function following preterm birth: prediction using machine learning","volume":"92","author":"Valavani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib22","author":"Bayley"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib24","series-title":"Technisches Manual zu den Bayley-III Skalen und dem Bayley-III Screening Test","author":"Reuner","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib25","series-title":"Bayley-III clinical use and interpretation","author":"Weiss","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2009.00215.x","article-title":"An evidentiary review regarding the use of chronological and adjusted age in the assessment of preterm infants","volume":"15","author":"D'Agostino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Spec Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib30","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: machine learning in python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037","article-title":"Machine learning approaches for clinical psychology and psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Dwyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24775-3_3","article-title":"Evaluating the replicability of significance tests for comparing learning algorithms","volume":"3056","author":"Bouckaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Knowl Discov Data Min"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024068626366","article-title":"Inference for the generalization error","volume":"52","author":"Nadeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.09.006","article-title":"The role of early developmental intervention to influence neurobehavioral outcomes of children born preterm","volume":"40","author":"Spittle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.023","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of gestural and linguistic abilities in very preterm infants in the second year of life","volume":"49","author":"Sansavini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000907008070","article-title":"Early delayed language development in very preterm infants: evidence from the MacArthur-Bates CDI","volume":"34","author":"Foster-Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.06.043","article-title":"Specific language difficulties and school achievement in children born at 25 weeks of gestation or less","volume":"152","author":"Wolke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.146282","article-title":"Very preterm children show impairments across multiple neurodevelopmental domains by age 4 years","volume":"94","author":"Woodward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820902818870","article-title":"Communicative and linguistic development in preterm children: a longitudinal study from 12 to 24 months","volume":"45","author":"Cattani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.13239","article-title":"Socio-familial environment influence on cognitive and language development in very preterm children","volume":"50","author":"De Leeuw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib41","article-title":"Language outcomes at 4 years of linguistically diverse children born very preterm: an Australian retrospective single-centre study","volume":"7","author":"Tinoco","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000910000759","article-title":"Dual language exposure and early bilingual development","volume":"39","author":"Hoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0020)","article-title":"Risk for poor performance on a language screening measure for bilingual preschoolers and kindergarteners","volume":"20","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12310","article-title":"Effect of primary language on developmental testing in children born extremely preterm","volume":"102","author":"Lowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.07.010","article-title":"Predicting the outcome of specific language impairment at five years of age through early developmental assessment in preterm infants","volume":"90","author":"Woods","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-02973-9","article-title":"Language disparities related to maternal education emerge by two years in a low-income sample","volume":"24","author":"Justice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2021.08.016","article-title":"Sociodemographic impact of variables on cognitive, language and motor development in very preterm infants","volume":"62","author":"Palomo-Osuna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1572532","article-title":"Maternal education level predicts cognitive, language, and motor outcome in preterm infants in the second year of life","volume":"33","author":"Patra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026449","article-title":"Early life risk factors of motor, cognitive and language development: a pooled analysis of studies from low\/middle-income countries","volume":"9","author":"Sania","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-213564","article-title":"Maternal education and language development at 2 years corrected age in children born very preterm: results from a European population-based cohort study","volume":"74","author":"Sentenac","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-070477","article-title":"Early expressive and receptive language development in preterm vs full-term children: A meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Loeffler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.32677\/IJCH.2019.v06.i11.004","article-title":"Language outcome of very low birth weight babies at 2-year corrected age: a comparative study","volume":"6","author":"Daniel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0372","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extreme preterm infants","volume":"133","author":"Bolisetty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib54","article-title":"Impact of low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage on neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm infants at two years of age","volume":"177\u2013178","author":"P\u00e9risset","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.032","article-title":"Adaptive mechanisms of developing brain: cerebral lateralization in the prematurely-born","volume":"108","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01780-8","article-title":"Association between neurodevelopmental outcomes and concomitant presence of NEC and IVH in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"44","author":"Culbreath","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01614-3","article-title":"Brain injury in preterm infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical and bowel pathological correlates","volume":"91","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F532","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-312533","article-title":"Severe retinopathy of prematurity predicts delayed white matter maturation and poorer neurodevelopment","volume":"102","author":"Glass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1159\/000526652","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity is a biomarker for pathological processes in the immature brain","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.106057","article-title":"Interventions and their efficacy in supporting language development among preterm children aged 0-3 years \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"195","author":"Markkula","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195886","article-title":"Cystic periventricular leukomalacia worsens developmental outcomes of very-low-birth weight infants with intraventricular hemorrhage\u2014A nationwide cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Cha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.04.006","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"54","author":"Imamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347625005001?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347625005001?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T21:18:10Z","timestamp":1773177490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022347625005001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0022347625005001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3476","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prediction of Language Development in Neonates Born at Less than 32 Weeks of Gestation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2025.114959","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114959"}}