{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T06:27:07Z","timestamp":1793600827038,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,5,12]],"date-time":"2027-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1810080000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":315,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004828","name":"Grand Challenges Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007299","name":"Harvard University Harvard Catalyst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005294","name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016392","name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpeds.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:42:17Z","timestamp":1774928537000},"page":"115090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Effect of Anemia on Mortality in Children Hospitalized with Severe Pneumonia in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"294","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9664-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter P.","family":"Moschovis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Sharfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumona","family":"Chaudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew O.","family":"Wiens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Kumbakumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olive","family":"Keneema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Nyehengane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Kabakyenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Mark","family":"Ansermino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Kissoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Christiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Dzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius P.","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Hibberd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30408-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"McAllister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00328-0","article-title":"Post-mortem investigation of deaths due to pneumonia in children aged 1-59 months in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia from 2016 to 2022: an observational study","volume":"8","author":"Mahtab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix633","article-title":"Pneumonia mortality in children aged <5 years in 56 countries: a retrospective analysis of trends from 1960 to 2012","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib4","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among Under-5 children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Gedfie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62304-5","article-title":"Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"378","author":"Balarajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2020.08.004","article-title":"Childhood anemia and iron deficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa \u2013 risk factors and prevention: a review","volume":"27","author":"Lemoine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch de P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019654","article-title":"Individual, maternal and household risk factors for anaemia among young children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Moschovis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214563","article-title":"Very severe anemia and one year mortality outcome after hospitalization in Tanzanian children: a prospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Chami","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00074-8","article-title":"Post-discharge morbidity and mortality in children admitted with severe anaemia and other health conditions in malaria-endemic settings in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Kwambai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0246-7","article-title":"Anaemia and blood transfusion in African children presenting to hospital with severe febrile illness","volume":"13","author":"Kiguli","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016600","article-title":"Inpatient and postdischarge mortality among children with anaemia and malaria parasitaemia in Kenya: a cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Ngari","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61164-2","article-title":"Improved oxygen systems for childhood pneumonia: a multihospital effectiveness study in Papua New Guinea","volume":"372","author":"Duke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib13","first-page":"511","article-title":"Hypoxaemia in children with severe pneumonia in Papua New Guinea","volume":"5","author":"Duke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-014-0285-4","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of children with acute asthma and pneumonia in Mulago hospital, Uganda: a prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Nantanda","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073728","article-title":"Clinical risk factors of death from pneumonia in children with severe acute malnutrition in an urban critical care ward of Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Chisti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0733","article-title":"Severity of pneumonia in under 5-Year-Old children from developing countries: a multicenter, prospective, observational Study","volume":"97","author":"Benet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25892","article-title":"The association of anemia with the clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"57","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-10-15","article-title":"The prevalence of anemia and its association with 90-day mortality in hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Reade","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i4.31","article-title":"Pneumonia among children under five in Uganda: symptom recognition and actions taken by caretakers","volume":"14","author":"Tuhebwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0782-3","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with anaemia among children aged 6 to 59 months in Namutumba district, Uganda: a cross- sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Kuziga","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib21","series-title":"Trends and determinants of anemia in Uganda: further analysis of the demographic and health surveys","author":"Nankinga","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00069","article-title":"Scheduled Follow-Up referrals and simple prevention kits including counseling to improve post-discharge outcomes among children in Uganda: a proof-of-concept Study","volume":"4","author":"Wiens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(03)80267-0","article-title":"Effect of measuring blood lactate concentrations using different automated lactate analysers on blood lactate transition thresholds","volume":"6","author":"Buckley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport\/Sports Med Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680700100414","article-title":"Blood lactate measurements and analysis during exercise: a guide for clinicians","volume":"1","author":"Goodwin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2016.05.007","article-title":"The handheld blood lactate analyser versus the blood gas based analyser for measurement of serum lactate and its prognostic significance in severe sepsis","volume":"72","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib27","series-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib28","series-title":"West\u2019s respiratory physiology: the essentials, 11e","first-page":"0","article-title":"Gas transport by the blood: how gases are moved to and from the peripheral tissues","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1260\/2040-2295.6.4.691","article-title":"The performance of a Mobile phone respiratory rate counter compared to the WHO ARI timer","volume":"6","author":"Gan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib30","article-title":"Evaluation of a digital triage platform in Uganda: a quality improvement initiative to reduce the time to antibiotic administration","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15387.3","article-title":"Derivation and internal validation of a data-driven prediction model to guide frontline health workers in triaging children under-five in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"4","author":"Mawji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib32","series-title":"WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children: a joint statement by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib33","series-title":"Zscore06: stata command for the calculation of anthropometric z-scores using the 2006 WHO child growth standards","author":"Leroy","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023445","article-title":"Paediatric postdischarge mortality in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Nemetchek","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa213","article-title":"Use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to identify confounders in applied health research: review and recommendations","volume":"50","author":"Tennant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173785","article-title":"Micronutrient status and other correlates of hemoglobin among children with stunting: a cross-sectional Study in Uganda","volume":"15","author":"Mutumba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009449","article-title":"Postdischarge mortality in children with acute infectious diseases: derivation of postdischarge mortality prediction models","volume":"5","author":"Wiens","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib38","series-title":"Sample size calculations in clinical research","author":"Chow","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib39","series-title":"Statistical methods in medical research","author":"Armitage","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.636S","article-title":"An analysis of anemia and child mortality","volume":"131","author":"Brabin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5915","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6125915","article-title":"The impact of anemia on child mortality: an updated review","volume":"6","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14818-2","article-title":"Prevalence and outcome of anemia among children hospitalized for pneumonia and their risk of mortality in a developing country","volume":"12","author":"Chisti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-9-15","article-title":"Factors determining the outcome of children hospitalized with severe pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Tiewsoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30448-5","article-title":"Appropriateness of clinical severity classification of new WHO childhood pneumonia guidance: a multi-hospital, retrospective, cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Agweyu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140327","article-title":"Treatment failure and mortality amongst children with severe acute malnutrition presenting with cough or respiratory difficulty and radiological pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Chisti","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12878-017-0081-0","article-title":"Prevalence of anaemia and associated risk factors among children in North-western Uganda: a cross sectional Study","volume":"17","author":"Legason","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1156","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0761","article-title":"Childhood anemia at high altitude: risk factors for poor outcomes in severe pneumonia","volume":"132","author":"Moschovis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006479","article-title":"Anemia in the pediatric patient","volume":"140","author":"Gallagher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12040289","article-title":"New insights into iron deficiency anemia in children: a practical review","volume":"12","author":"Moscheo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2023.93","article-title":"Prevalence and contributing factors of anaemia among children aged 6\u201324 months and 25\u201359 months in Mali","volume":"12","author":"Gebreegziabher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S363876","article-title":"Anemia and associated factors among under five year old children who attended Bule Hora General Hospital in West Guji zone, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Aliyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Blood Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib52","first-page":"646","article-title":"Prevalence of anaemia and associated factors among children below five years of Age in Cape Verde, West Africa","volume":"32","author":"Semedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17330-y","article-title":"Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months, in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"23","author":"Azmeraw","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2009.1.87","article-title":"Malaria, erythrocytic infection, and anemia","author":"Haldar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Prog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2509-9","article-title":"Anaemia and malaria","volume":"17","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib56","article-title":"Nutrition-specific interventions for preventing and controlling anaemia throughout the life cycle: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"2021","author":"da Silva Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-012-0026-4","article-title":"Factors associated with mortality in under-five children with severe anemia in Ebonyi, Nigeria","volume":"49","author":"Muoneke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.09.011","article-title":"Anemia in severe acute malnutrition","volume":"30","author":"Thakur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S389105","article-title":"Anemia and associated risk factors in pediatric patients","volume":"14","author":"Martinez-Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Health Med Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01289-7","article-title":"Under-five anemia and its associated factors with dietary diversity, food security, stunted, and deworming in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Belachew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092","article-title":"Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"1450","author":"Chaparro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218961","article-title":"Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among children under five years of age attending at Guguftu health center, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Gebreweld","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1382940","article-title":"Burden and determinants of anemia among under-five children in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Tadesse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2020.1131","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors associated with anemia among children aged 6-59 months in Namibia","volume":"11","author":"Shimanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127890","article-title":"Does smoke from biomass fuel contribute to anemia in pregnant women in Nagpur, India? A cross-sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108815","article-title":"Association of household air pollution exposure and anemia among pregnant women: analysis of baseline data from \u2019Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN)\u2019 trial","volume":"190","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900100","article-title":"Transfusion volume for children with severe anemia in Africa","volume":"381","author":"Maitland","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15280","article-title":"Blood use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of current data","volume":"59","author":"Dhabangi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17429","article-title":"Transfusion management of severe anaemia in African children: a consensus algorithm","volume":"193","author":"Maitland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib70","first-page":"CD002042","article-title":"Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion","volume":"12","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12823","article-title":"The future of transfusion and Africa","volume":"54","author":"Dzik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0248-5","article-title":"Innocent lives lost and saved: the importance of blood transfusion for children in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"13","author":"Dzik","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.05.007","article-title":"Evaluation of blood product transfusion therapies in acute injury care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055017","article-title":"Status of hospital-based blood transfusion services in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional international survey","volume":"12","author":"Barnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00496-0","article-title":"Reducing global inequities in medical oxygen access: the Lancet Global Health Commission on medical oxygen security","volume":"13","author":"Graham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00052-4","article-title":"Mortality after hospital discharge among children younger than 5 years admitted with suspected sepsis in Uganda: a prospective, multisite, observational cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Wiens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062011","article-title":"Verbal autopsy to assess postdischarge mortality in children with suspected sepsis in Uganda","volume":"152","author":"Knappett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347626001186?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347626001186?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T05:34:40Z","timestamp":1793597680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022347626001186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0022347626001186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3476","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Effect of Anemia on Mortality in Children Hospitalized with Severe Pneumonia in Uganda","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115090","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115090"}}