{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:44:50Z","timestamp":1792125890496,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,10,16]],"date-time":"2027-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1823644800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":288,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NLM 5T15LM013979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NLM 5T15LM013979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpeds.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:12:18Z","timestamp":1790291538000},"page":"115347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Antibiotic Duration and Critical Illness after Culture-Negative Late-Onset Sepsis Evaluation in Infants Born Preterm"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"300","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7587-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Star","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faris N.","family":"Al Gharaibeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9932-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Yeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7485-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke","family":"Wiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4285-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan R.","family":"Kuiper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8854-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartikeya","family":"Makker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Fackler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro G.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7052-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L.","family":"Wynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khyzer B.","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31002-4","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis","volume":"390","author":"Shane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib2","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis","volume":"371","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e661","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00043-2","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries from a facility-based birth cohort: an international multisite prospective observational study","volume":"10","author":"Milton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0785-x","article-title":"Challenges in developing a consensus definition of neonatal sepsis","volume":"88","author":"McGovern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.285","article-title":"Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network","volume":"110","author":"Stoll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2357","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection","volume":"292","author":"Stoll","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.06.008","article-title":"Functional impairments at school age of preterm born children with late-onset sepsis","volume":"87","author":"van der Ree","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00079","article-title":"The immune consequences of preterm birth","volume":"7","author":"Melville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.167","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants with neonatal sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Alshaikh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J perinatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030508","article-title":"Fighting antimicrobial resistance in neonatal intensive care units: rational use of antibiotics in neonatal sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Rallis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.01.006","article-title":"A proposed framework for the clinical management of neonatal \u201cCulture-Negative\u201d sepsis","volume":"244","author":"Cantey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211252","article-title":"Practice variation in suspected neonatal sepsis: a costly problem in neonatal intensive care","volume":"25","author":"Spitzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2132","article-title":"Association between antibiotic use and neonatal mortality and morbidities in very low-birth-weight infants without culture-proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"170","author":"Ting","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F327","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315412","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for antibiotic stewardship among preterm infants","volume":"104","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1086\/502270","article-title":"Duration of empiric antibiotics for suspected early-onset sepsis in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"24","author":"Cordero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.006","article-title":"Antibiotics, pediatric dysbiosis, and disease","volume":"17","author":"Vangay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.9647","article-title":"Perinatal antibiotic exposure and respiratory outcomes in children born preterm","volume":"8","author":"Fortmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.638-656.2005","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship programs in health care systems","volume":"18","author":"MacDougall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.02.005","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: epidemiology, molecular analysis and risk factors","volume":"41","author":"Iosifidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19681","article-title":"Associations of prenatal and childhood antibiotic exposure with obesity at age 4 years","volume":"3","author":"Leong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5245","article-title":"Association of early life exposure to antibiotics with risk of atopic dermatitis in Sweden","volume":"4","author":"Mubanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-065091","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship programs in neonates: a meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"Mascarenhas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-134","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship in neonates: challenges and opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Ting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translational Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0517-2","article-title":"A neonatal sequential organ failure assessment score predicts mortality to late-onset sepsis in preterm very low birth weight infants","volume":"88","author":"Wynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01749-3","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis definitions from randomised clinical trials","volume":"93","author":"Hayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202106-1359OC","article-title":"Hourly kinetics of critical organ dysfunction in extremely preterm infants","volume":"205","author":"Lavilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01030-9","article-title":"Maximum vasoactive-inotropic score and mortality in extremely premature, extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"41","author":"Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060651","article-title":"Respiratory outcomes for ventilator-dependent children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"151","author":"Manimtim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2348OC","article-title":"The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants. An evidence-based approach","volume":"200","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.36518","article-title":"Evaluation of the neonatal sequential organ failure assessment and mortality risk in preterm infants with late-onset infection","volume":"4","author":"Fleiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.05.037","article-title":"Multicenter validation of the neonatal sequential organ failure assessment score for prognosis in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"236","author":"Wynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib34","author":"Ali"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289263","article-title":"Who belongs in the family?","volume":"18","author":"Thorndike","year":"1953","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.11.139","article-title":"K-means clustering algorithms: a comprehensive review, variants analysis, and advances in the era of big data","volume":"622","author":"Ikotun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.20579","article-title":"Pediatric complex chronic condition system version 3","volume":"7","author":"Feinstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05811-0","article-title":"Management of neonates at risk of early onset sepsis: a probability-based approach and recent literature appraisal: update of the Swiss national guideline of the Swiss Society of Neonatology and the Pediatric Infectious Disease Group Switzerland","volume":"183","author":"Stocker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5669","article-title":"Assessment of C-Reactive protein diagnostic test accuracy for late-onset infection in newborn infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-03814-7","article-title":"Outcome prediction for late-onset sepsis after premature birth","volume":"98","author":"Miselli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41776-0","article-title":"Evaluating of neonatal early onset sepsis through lactate and base excess monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01696-z","article-title":"Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: the past, present and future","volume":"91","author":"Celik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.3681","article-title":"Association between early lactate levels and 30-Day mortality in clinically suspected sepsis in children","volume":"171","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1662406","article-title":"Phase-specific mortality risk of serum lactate thresholds in very low birth weight infants with late-onset sepsis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Lun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347_bib45","article-title":"New strategies to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in the NICU: a quality improvement initiative","volume":"8","author":"Pantoja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Qual Saf"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347626003756?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022347626003756?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:54:39Z","timestamp":1792122879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022347626003756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0022347626003756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3476","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antibiotic Duration and Critical Illness after Culture-Negative Late-Onset Sepsis Evaluation in Infants Born Preterm","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pediatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115347","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115347"}}