{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:02:01Z","timestamp":1790186521785,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpet.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T16:39:27Z","timestamp":1767976767000},"page":"103803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for wet age-related macular degeneration: The current developmental landscape"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"393","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3756-8753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudra","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5126-045X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter K.","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4401","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US in 2019","volume":"140","author":"Rein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib2","first-page":"493","article-title":"Updates on the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"6","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2023.2247987","article-title":"The evolving therapeutic landscape of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"23","author":"Shughoury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13834","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium and age-related macular degeneration: a review of major disease mechanisms","volume":"48","author":"Somasundaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201505613","article-title":"Increased VEGF -A promotes multiple distinct aging diseases of the eye through shared pathomechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Marneros","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.943915","article-title":"Application and mechanism of anti-VEGF drugs in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0271fje","article-title":"Combined inhibition of VEGF and PDGF signaling enforces tumor vessel regression by interfering with pericyte-mediated endothelial cell survival mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Erber","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-020-00250-z","article-title":"The Tie2 signaling pathway in retinal vascular diseases: a novel therapeutic target in the eye","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000551","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: the next chapter in reducing treatment burden for exudative retinal diseases?","volume":"65","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1600","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"135","author":"Apte","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2022.2030706","article-title":"Disease progression pathways of wet AMD: opportunities for new target discovery","volume":"26","author":"Wolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2007.02.010","article-title":"Receptor tyrosine kinases: mechanisms of activation and signaling","volume":"19","author":"Hubbard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00043-5","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factors and angiogenesis in eye disease","volume":"22","author":"Witmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0788-y","article-title":"Role of non receptor tyrosine kinases in hematological malignances and its targeting by natural products","volume":"17","author":"Siveen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202251","article-title":"Signaling by dual specificity kinases","volume":"17","author":"Dhanasekaran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.06.010","article-title":"Treatment of retinal\/choroidal vascular diseases by sustained delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors","volume":"277","author":"Dhoot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.04.005","article-title":"FDA-approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-019-0035-0","article-title":"Exploring receptor tyrosine kinases-inhibitors in Cancer treatments","volume":"20","author":"Metibemu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Med Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2013.0024","article-title":"Second-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung cancers","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02610-z","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their role in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular oedema","volume":"37","author":"Chandra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.052167","article-title":"A selective and oral small molecule inhibitor of vascular epithelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and VEGFR-1 inhibits neovascularization and vascular permeability","volume":"306","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304782","article-title":"Vorolanib, sunitinib, and axitinib: a comparative study of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors and their anti-angiogenic effects","volume":"19","author":"Bakri","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4137\/CMO.S10594","article-title":"Axitinib: a review of its safety and efficacy in the treatment of adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Gross-Goupil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Oncol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7272","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0652","article-title":"Nonclinical antiangiogenesis and antitumor activities of Axitinib (AG-013736), an oral, potent, and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases 1, 2, 3","volume":"14","author":"Hu-Lowe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib25","article-title":"U.S. phase 1 study of intravitreal Axitinib implant (OTX-TKI) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"64","author":"Moshfeghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib26","author":"Avery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib27","author":"Harp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib28","author":"Joy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib29","unstructured":"Slattery B. Ocular TherapeutixTM shares SOL-R enrollment progress and next steps for AXPAXLITM in NPDR. 2025. Accessed 1 June 2025. https:\/\/investors.ocutx.com\/node\/13466\/pdf"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091241","article-title":"Suprachoroidal injection: a novel approach for targeted drug delivery","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib31","author":"Khanani"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib32","author":"Barakat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib33","author":"Goldberg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib34","article-title":"AR-14034 SR implant inhibits retinal vascular leakage in a VEGF challenge model for up to 12 months","volume":"64","author":"Weksler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2022.01.001","article-title":"Vorolanib, a novel tyrosine receptor kinase receptor inhibitor with potent preclinical anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity","volume":"24","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"viii659","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy303.032","article-title":"A phase I trial of vorolanib (X-82t vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitor, in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors","volume":"29","author":"Bendell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1571","article-title":"Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"135","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316511","article-title":"APEX: a phase II randomised clinical trial evaluating the safety and preliminary efficacy of oral X-82 to treat exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"105","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib41","author":"Abbey"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib42","author":"Regillo"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-824X-6-18","article-title":"Lenvatinib, an angiogenesis inhibitor targeting VEGFR\/FGFR, shows broad antitumor activity in human tumor xenograft models associated with microvessel density and pericyte coverage","volume":"6","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vascular Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib46","first-page":"237","article-title":"Periocular injection of AIV007 in the treatment of macular edema due to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) or diabetic macular edema (DME): preliminary results of the phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"65","author":"Hershoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib47","author":"Cleland"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib49","author":"Natacha"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib51","author":"Hennings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib52","author":"Cousins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S295223","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists: promising players in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"15","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100553","article-title":"Phase I study of tivozanib eye drops in healthy volunteers and patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Gomi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356526000017?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356526000017?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:37:20Z","timestamp":1774859840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022356526000017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022356526000017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for wet age-related macular degeneration: The current developmental landscape","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.103803","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103803"}}