{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:32:50Z","timestamp":1783567970280,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jpet.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T23:21:21Z","timestamp":1778023281000},"page":"104935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Potential regulation of kynurenine pathway metabolism by the galantamine\u2013memantine combination in rheumatologic diseases: A hypothesis-driven review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"393","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3014-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navya","family":"Mathew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2106-4275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebin","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Rejimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Orofino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anam","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darshanabahen","family":"Mistry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2296-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leen","family":"Mazahreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alwin","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeepkumar J.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rouhin","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Lovejoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6289-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shafiqur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5532-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor W.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maju Mathew","family":"Koola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib1","series-title":"Rheumatology and rheumatic diseases","author":"Bruce","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chapter 1 \u2013 the spectrum of rheumatic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Calle","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100129","article-title":"Autoimmune rheumatic diseases: one or many diseases?","volume":"4","author":"Moutsopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib4","series-title":"Arthritis in adults age 18 and older: United States, 2022. NCHS Data Brief No. 497","author":"Elgaddal","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.1.28","article-title":"Economic burden of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Cooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-018-0016-9","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.05.044","article-title":"Use of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: current and emerging paradigms of care","volume":"33","author":"Curtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib8","series-title":"Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)","author":"Benjamin","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082605","article-title":"Rituximab, apremilast, and upadacitinib as selected biosimilar and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs with diverse mechanisms of action: their current use in slowing down the progression of disease","volume":"14","author":"Kawczak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3504","article-title":"NMDA receptor subunit diversity: impact on receptor properties, synaptic plasticity and disease","volume":"14","author":"Paoletti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2018.05.004","article-title":"Glutamate and glycine binding to the NMDA receptor","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2024.102856","article-title":"NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling: impact on cell cycle regulation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer","volume":"119","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(81)90587-2","article-title":"Quinolinic acid: a potent endogenous excitant at amino acid receptors in CNS","volume":"72","author":"Stone","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)00441-7","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids","volume":"45","author":"Stone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd870","article-title":"Endogenous kynurenines as targets for drug discovery and development","volume":"1","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.04.006","article-title":"Modulation of T cells by tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway","volume":"44","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x","article-title":"Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin","volume":"279","author":"Guillemin","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib18","first-page":"97","article-title":"Bone pain mechanism in osteoporosis: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Mattia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S367982","article-title":"Role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit in inflammatory arthritis-induced chronic pain and peripheral sensitized neuropathic pain: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib20","first-page":"54","article-title":"Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies are associated with fibromyalgia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study","volume":"35 suppl 105","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.06.015","article-title":"Altered N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subunit expression causes changes to the circadian clock and cell phenotype in osteoarthritic chondrocytes","volume":"26","author":"Kalev-Zylinska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.02.002","article-title":"Glutamate signaling in chondrocytes and the potential involvement of NMDA receptors in cell proliferation and inflammatory gene expression","volume":"17","author":"Piepoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2024.08.007","article-title":"Memantine attenuates the development of osteoarthritis by blocking NMDA receptor mediated calcium overload and chondrocyte senescence","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(01)00013-8","article-title":"The promise of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in fibromyalgia","volume":"28","author":"Henriksson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.01.457","article-title":"A reconsideration of the relevance of systemic low-dose ketamine to the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia","volume":"7","author":"Wood","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2016.1197906","article-title":"Potential drug therapies for the treatment of fibromyalgia","volume":"25","author":"Lawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines5020015","article-title":"Modulation of NMDA receptor activity in fibromyalgia","volume":"5","author":"Littlejohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.05.012","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of imperatorin in chemically induced fibromyalgia: role of NMDA\/NFkB mediated downstream signaling","volume":"166","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S285609","article-title":"Low-dose dextromethorphan for the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: results from a longitudinal, single-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial","volume":"14","author":"Mueller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00308-5","article-title":"Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"85","author":"Graven-Nielsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749509095181","article-title":"Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine","volume":"24","author":"S\u00f6rensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.31","article-title":"The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: towards innovative treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"van Maanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13092","article-title":"The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"94","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707264","article-title":"The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a pharmacological target for inflammation","volume":"151","author":"de Jonge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.10.005","article-title":"Nicotine and autoimmunity: the lotus\u2019 flower in tobacco","volume":"128","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1124","article-title":"Cholinergic agonists inhibit HMGB1 release and improve survival in experimental sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175810","article-title":"Targeting \u03b17-nAChR by galantamine mitigates reserpine-induced fibromyalgia-like symptoms in rats: involvement of cAMP\/PKA, PI3K\/AKT, and M1\/M2 microglia polarization","volume":"952","author":"Atta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14329","article-title":"Galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of human \u03b14\u03b22 or \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"175","author":"Kowal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.2741\/1390","article-title":"Expression of non-neuronal acetylcholine in lymphocytes and its contribution to the regulation of immune function","volume":"9","author":"Kawashima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2009.02266.x","article-title":"Cell specific synovial expression of nicotinic alpha 7 acetylcholine receptor in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Westman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23987","article-title":"Acetylcholine regulation of synoviocyte cytokine expression by the alpha7 nicotinic receptor","volume":"58","author":"Waldburger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.03.028","article-title":"Presence of ChAT mRNA and a very marked \u03b17nAChR immunoreaction in the synovial lining layer of the knee joint","volume":"91","author":"Forsgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24177","article-title":"Stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in mice","volume":"60","author":"van Maanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0414-4","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway: a finger in every pie","volume":"25","author":"Savitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224014","article-title":"Counteracting tryptophan metabolism alterations as a new therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"83","author":"Moulin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2017-000254","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway is altered in patients with SLE and associated with severe fatigue","volume":"5","author":"\u00c5kesson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-023-03353-7","article-title":"Altered kynurenine pathway metabolism and association with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus","volume":"55","author":"Eryavuz Onmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.121035","article-title":"Kynurenic acid in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, and osteoarthritis","volume":"40","author":"Parada-Turska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00652-9","article-title":"Autoinflammation and autoimmunity across rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"17","author":"Szekanecz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646917691938","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism: regulatory and functional aspects","volume":"10","author":"Badawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Tryptophan Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3030703","article-title":"The role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in immune suppression and autoimmunity","volume":"3","author":"Mbongue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070734","article-title":"Immune influencers in action: metabolites and enzymes of the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38674","article-title":"A CD8 T cell\/indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase axis is required for mesenchymal stem cell suppression of human systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9879","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189879","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway-new linkage between innate and adaptive immunity in autoimmune endocrinopathies","volume":"22","author":"Krupa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2020.18.4.507","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in neuropsychiatric disorders: pathophysiologic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"18","author":"Muneer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02245-7","article-title":"Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in breast cancer: updates on clinical research and trials","volume":"129","author":"Girithar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib57","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in rheumatic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Mangoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.141505","article-title":"Downregulation of tryptophan-related metabolomic profile in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid","volume":"42","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_32","article-title":"Kynurenine and neopterin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis during drug treatment","volume":"527","author":"Forrest","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2023-eular.623","article-title":"POS0243 kynurenine metabolites limit inflammation through tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) remodeling","volume":"82","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2021-000559","article-title":"Quinolinic acid, a kynurenine\/tryptophan pathway metabolite, associates with impaired cognitive test performance in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108018","article-title":"Altered kynurenine pathway metabolism in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"99","author":"Eryavuz Onmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050681","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolites as potential biomarkers in chronic pain","volume":"16","author":"Auyeung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01317-7","article-title":"Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with TNF\u03b1 inhibitors does not affect serum levels of tryptophan metabolites","volume":"31","author":"Witoszy\u0144ska-Sobkowiak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2.9.1415","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: oral aspects on pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, clinical features and approaches for therapy","volume":"2","author":"Nauntofte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib66","first-page":"2363","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway can be a potential biomarker of fatigue in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2023.01.007","article-title":"Impaired kynurenine metabolism in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Eryavuz Onmaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmac084","article-title":"Elevated kynurenine levels in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Apayd\u0131n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123953","article-title":"Neurological and inflammatory manifestations in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: the role of the kynurenine metabolic pathway","volume":"19","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8293921","article-title":"The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"2020","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.09.055","article-title":"The tryptophan metabolism enzyme L-kynureninase is a novel inflammatory factor in psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases","volume":"137","author":"Harden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00851.x","article-title":"Monosodium urate crystals in inflammation and immunity","volume":"233","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117531","article-title":"Abnormal kynurenine-pathway metabolites in gout: biomarkers exploration based on orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis","volume":"549","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14153","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Asano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073842","article-title":"Different kynurenine pathway dysregulation in systemic sclerosis in men and women","volume":"25","author":"Turska-Koz\u0142owska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04251-6","article-title":"Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and treatment of fibromyalgia","volume":"39","author":"Coskun Benlidayi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13758","article-title":"The role of tryptophan and its derivatives in musculoskeletal pains: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"De La Torre Canales","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.05.034","article-title":"Dermatomyositis, polymyositis and immune-mediated necrotising myopathies","volume":"1852","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06263-3","article-title":"Enhanced tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 induction in dermatomyositis","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-022-03170-4","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with Beh\u00e7et disease","volume":"54","author":"Eryavuz Onmaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/58.8.649a","article-title":"FDA approves galantamine for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"58","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.06.007","article-title":"Relationships and interactions between ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic receptors in the CNS","volume":"468","author":"Stone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.113665","article-title":"The role of \u03b17nAChR in controlling the anti-inflammatory\/anti-arthritic action of galantamine","volume":"170","author":"Gowayed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23359-6","article-title":"Galantamine anti-colitic effect: role of alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in modulating Jak\/STAT3, NF-\u03baB\/HMGB1\/RAGE and p-AKT\/Bcl-2 pathways","volume":"8","author":"Wazea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00571-9","article-title":"Galantamine attenuates autoinflammation in a mouse model of familial mediterranean fever","volume":"28","author":"Mughrabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S4048","article-title":"Update on the use of memantine in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"van Marum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1958","article-title":"Paradigm shift in neuroprotection by NMDA receptor blockade: memantine and beyond","volume":"5","author":"Lipton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib88","series-title":"The NMDA Receptors","first-page":"103","article-title":"NMDA receptors and signaling in chronic neuropathic pain","author":"Laumet","year":"2017"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013128","article-title":"Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"348","author":"Reisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.06.051","article-title":"The NMDA receptor as a target for cognitive enhancement","volume":"64","author":"Collingridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02180-5","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Ol\u00e1h","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214677","article-title":"Altered cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus and associations with inflammation and functional and structural brain changes","volume":"78","author":"Barraclough","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.011","article-title":"Cognition and immunity; antibody impairs memory","volume":"21","author":"Kowal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-013-9398-z","article-title":"Memantine and cholinesterase inhibitors: complementary mechanisms in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Parsons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.01.012","article-title":"Potency, voltage-dependency, agonist concentration-dependency, blocking kinetics and partial untrapping of the uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channel blocker memantine at human NMDA (GluN1\/GluN2A) receptors","volume":"56","author":"Gilling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2174\/138945007780618472","article-title":"Pathologically-activated therapeutics for neuroprotection: mechanism of NMDA receptor block by memantine and S-nitrosylation","volume":"8","author":"Lipton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2003.tb00254.x","article-title":"The neuropharmacological basis for the use of memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Rogawski","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14907","article-title":"Does kynurenic acid act on nicotinic receptors? An assessment of the evidence","volume":"152","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2758","article-title":"Alpha7 nicotinic-N-methyl-D-aspartate hypothesis in the treatment of schizophrenia and beyond","volume":"36","author":"Koola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113409","article-title":"Galantamine-memantine combination in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and beyond","volume":"293","author":"Koola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113285","article-title":"Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of galantamine in schizophrenia: significant cognitive enhancement","volume":"291","author":"Koola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-019-00174-5","article-title":"Galantamine-memantine combination as an antioxidant treatment for schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Koola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib103","first-page":"134","article-title":"Potential role of antipsychotic-galantamine-memantine combination in the treatment of positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Koola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib104","first-page":"71","article-title":"Attenuated mismatch negativity in attenuated psychosis syndrome predicts psychosis: can galantamine-memantine combination prevent psychosis?","volume":"4","author":"Koola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib105","first-page":"17nr02235","article-title":"Galantamine-memantine combination for cognitive impairments due to electroconvulsive therapy, traumatic brain injury, and neurologic and psychiatric disorders: kynurenic acid and mismatch negativity target engagement","volume":"20","author":"Koola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2017.11.001","article-title":"Galantamine-memantine combination effective in dementia: translate to dementia praecox?","volume":"12","author":"Koola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Cogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib107","first-page":"57","article-title":"Galantamine-memantine combination superior to donepezil-memantine combination in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: critical dissection with an emphasis on kynurenic acid and mismatch negativity","volume":"5","author":"Koola","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Geriatr Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.11.008","article-title":"Galantamine and memantine combination for cognition: enough or more than enough to translate from murines and macaques to men with schizophrenia?","volume":"42","author":"Koola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.07.005","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: galantamine-memantine combination for cognitive impairments","volume":"193","author":"Koola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2016.02.001","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia: pharmacogenetics of galantamine and memantine","volume":"4","author":"Koola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res Cogn"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.04.037","article-title":"Potential role of the combination of galantamine and memantine to improve cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"157","author":"Koola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14121163","article-title":"Galantamine-memantine combination in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"14","author":"Frost","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2023.2293854","article-title":"Integrative pharmacology in the treatment of substance use disorders","volume":"20","author":"Donlon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000515066","article-title":"Galantamine-memantine combination and kynurenine pathway enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complex Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12626","article-title":"Balancing the autonomic nervous system to reduce inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"282","author":"Koopman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9346-0","article-title":"The vagus nerve and nicotinic receptors involve inhibition of HMGB1 release and early pro-inflammatory cytokines function in collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02226.x","article-title":"Whole blood cytokine attenuation by cholinergic agonists ex vivo and relationship to vagus nerve activity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"268","author":"Bruchfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.04.001","article-title":"Role of the autonomic nervous system in osteoarthritis","volume":"31","author":"Courties","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.093","article-title":"Decreased \u03b17nAChR mRNA levels in peripheral blood monocytes are associated with enhanced inflammatory cytokine production in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"111","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1261","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00362.2017","article-title":"Pharmacological potentiation of the efferent vagus nerve attenuates blood pressure and renal injury in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"315","author":"Pham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib121","series-title":"Acetaminophen Toxicity","first-page":"395","article-title":"Chapter 19 \u2013 N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment of acetaminophen toxicity","author":"Suarez","year":"2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666201230144109","article-title":"The multifaceted therapeutic role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in disorders characterized by oxidative stress","volume":"19","author":"Raghu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.1999.178","article-title":"The inhibition of NF-kappaB activation pathways and the induction of apoptosis by dithiocarbamates in T cells are blocked by the glutathione precursor N-acetyl-L-cysteine","volume":"380","author":"Fernandez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2024.0560","article-title":"Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"85","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07083-9","article-title":"Effects of N-acetylcysteine on systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity and its associated complications: a randomized double-blind clinical trial study","volume":"24","author":"Abbasifard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020147","article-title":"Subchronic N-acetylcysteine treatment decreases brain kynurenic acid levels and improves cognitive performance in mice","volume":"10","author":"Blanco Ayala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.07.049","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine inhibits kynurenine aminotransferase II","volume":"444","author":"Blanco-Ayala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34502","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine reduces disease activity by blocking mammalian target of rapamycin in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib129","article-title":"Principles behind SLE treatment with N-acetylcysteine","volume":"4","author":"Nasr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunometabolism (Cobham)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201102400319","article-title":"Long-term N-acetylcysteine therapy in systemic sclerosis interstitial lung disease: a retrospective study","volume":"24","author":"Rosato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060967","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine (NAC): impacts on human health","volume":"10","author":"Ten\u00f3rio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.03.012","article-title":"Effects of 12-month, double-blind N-acetyl cysteine on symptoms, cognition and brain morphology in early phase schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"199","author":"Breier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37893","article-title":"Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder scores are elevated and respond to N-acetylcysteine treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2025.10839","article-title":"Examination of oxidative stress and glutamate as potential mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of non-suicidal self-injury in young people assigned female at birth: randomised trial","volume":"11","author":"Papke","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.11.022","article-title":"Can N-acetylcysteine, varenicline, or the combination prevent psychosis by enhancing mismatch negativity?","volume":"206","author":"Koola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.02.007","article-title":"Antipsychotic-minocycline-acetylcysteine combination for positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia","volume":"40","author":"Koola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.12.2261","article-title":"Galantamine in AD: a 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. The Galantamine USA-1 Study Group","volume":"54","author":"Raskind","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib138","article-title":"Galantamine for dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib139","article-title":"Memantine for dementia","volume":"3","author":"McShane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-143084","article-title":"Combination therapy of cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil or galantamine) plus memantine in the Okayama Memantine Study","volume":"45","author":"Matsuzono","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"6. Vyp. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.17116\/jnevro201811806232","article-title":"The addition of memantine to galantamine increases treatment efficacy in patients with moderate dementia with Lewy bodies. Article in Russian","volume":"118","author":"Vasenina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2026.01.084","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of ventricular arrhythmias: targeting nicotinic signaling mechanisms","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.079023","article-title":"Memantine for premature atrial contractions: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"153","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0708278","article-title":"Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning","volume":"359","author":"Heard","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812153192401","article-title":"Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985)","volume":"319","author":"Smilkstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.09.006","article-title":"Existing and potential therapeutic uses for N-acetylcysteine: the need for conversion to intracellular glutathione for antioxidant benefits","volume":"141","author":"Rushworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.09.028","article-title":"Oral or intravenous N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning?","volume":"45","author":"Prescott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00715-6","article-title":"Can disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs reduce the risk of developing dementia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-004016","article-title":"Association between disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis and risk of incident dementia: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.02.005","article-title":"Memantine in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Petri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib151","first-page":"2427","article-title":"Efficacy of N-acetylcysteine for treating dryness symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease: randomised placebo-controlled double-blind clinical study","volume":"42","author":"D\u2019Agostino Gennari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-022-03134-8","article-title":"Effects of N-acetylcysteine supplementation on disease activity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and metabolic parameters in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Esalatmanesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib153","first-page":"574","article-title":"Study of the effects of N-acetylcysteine on inflammatory biomarkers and disease activity score in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Jamali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X14666180926100811","article-title":"A pilot study to evaluate the effects of oral N-acetyl cysteine on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Hashemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2174\/1574887113666180307151937","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of oral N-acetylcysteine as an adjuvant treatment on clinical outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double blind clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Batooei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Recent Clin Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2026.2635989","article-title":"Galantamine supplementation and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of current research and molecular mechanisms","volume":"48","author":"Orooji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356526011341?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022356526011341?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:09:43Z","timestamp":1782720583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022356526011341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022356526011341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Potential regulation of kynurenine pathway metabolism by the galantamine\u2013memantine combination in rheumatologic diseases: A hypothesis-driven review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpet.2026.104935","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104935"}}