{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:42:58Z","timestamp":1792082578593,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T03:06:45Z","timestamp":1724728005000},"page":"101084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Exploration of innovative drug repurposing strategies for combating human protozoan diseases: Advances, challenges, and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"ShanShan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bairong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.860442","article-title":"An overview of mucosa-associated protozoa: Challenges in chemotherapy and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1039\/c3md00057e","article-title":"Design and synthesis of \u03b2-amino alcohol based \u03b2-lactam\u2013isatin chimeras and preliminary analysis of in vitro activity against the protozoal pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"4","author":"Mehra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105906","article-title":"Searching for drugs for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis: A review","volume":"55","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2022.2049239","article-title":"Malaria transmission blocking compounds: A patent review","volume":"32","author":"Consalvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib5","article-title":"Trypanocidal drugs for late-stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection)","volume":"12","author":"Vallejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01393-23","article-title":"The existing drug nifuroxazide as an antischistosomal agent: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies of macromolecular targets","volume":"11","author":"Roquini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1233253","article-title":"Navigating drug repurposing for chagas disease: Advances, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"14","author":"Porta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153409","article-title":"Repurposing drugs to fight hepatic malaria parasites","volume":"25","author":"Fontinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10822-016-9903-6","article-title":"Discovery of novel polyamine analogs with anti-protozoal activity by computer guided drug repositioning","volume":"30","author":"Alberca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.10.010","article-title":"Deep learning in target prediction and drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105740","article-title":"Artificial intelligence: Machine learning approach for screening large database and drug discovery","volume":"220","author":"Parvatikar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.02.002","article-title":"Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213886","article-title":"Recent advances in the discovery of novel antiprotozoal agents","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.010","volume":"22","author":"Vannier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2030036","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: Epidemiology and global burden","volume":"2","author":"Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib16","first-page":"263","article-title":"New leads for drug repurposing against malaria, Drug Discov","volume":"24","author":"Pazhayam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2023.2201432","article-title":"Antiprotozoal drugs: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"33","author":"Supuran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-6-127","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the kinomes of three pathogenic trypanosomatids: Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"6","author":"Parsons","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.06.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"42","author":"Suresh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.876282","article-title":"Artemisinin resistance and malaria elimination: Where are we now?","volume":"13","author":"Hanboonkunupakarn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg8105","article-title":"Short-course combination treatment for experimental chronic Chagas disease","volume":"15","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31612-4","article-title":"Chagas disease","volume":"391","author":"P\u00e9rez-Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"390","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S44267","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Ready","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111275","article-title":"Repurposing of existing therapeutics to combat drug-resistant malaria","volume":"136","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02781-21","article-title":"Bazedoxifene, a postmenopausal drug, acts as an antimalarial and inhibits hemozoin formation","volume":"10","author":"Sudhakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071571","article-title":"Lapatinib, nilotinib and lomitapide inhibit haemozoin formation in malaria parasites","volume":"25","author":"de Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115756","article-title":"Tackling the emerging Artemisinin-resistant malaria parasite by modulation of defensive oxido-reductive mechanism via nitrofurantoin repurposing","volume":"215","author":"Shafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29954","article-title":"An integrated virtual screening and drug repurposing strategy for the discovery of new antimalarial drugs against Plasmodium falciparum phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","volume":"122","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127441","article-title":"Targeting liver stage malaria with metformin","volume":"4","author":"Vera","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib31","article-title":"Computational chemogenomics drug repositioning strategy enables the discovery of epirubicin as a new repurposed hit for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, Antimicrob","volume":"64","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3012-7","article-title":"Tamoxifen activity against Plasmodium in vitro and in mice","volume":"18","author":"Weinstock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8809","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228809","article-title":"Repositioned drugs for Chagas disease unveiled via structure-based drug repositioning","volume":"21","author":"Adasme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124270","article-title":"Computational drug repositioning for chagas disease using protein-ligand interaction profiling","volume":"21","author":"Ju\u00e1rez-Saldivar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115766","article-title":"Identifying inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 as potential repurposed drugs for Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"216","author":"Galceran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.102958","article-title":"Repositioning FDA-approved drug against Chagas disease and cutaneous leishmaniosis by structure-based virtual screening","volume":"55","author":"Juarez-Saldivar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007481","article-title":"Crystal violet structural analogues identified by in silico drug repositioning present anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity through inhibition of proline transporter TcAAAP069","volume":"14","author":"Say\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005472","article-title":"Trypanocidal effect of isotretinoin through the inhibition of polyamine and amino acid transporters in Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"11","author":"Reigada","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106920","article-title":"Effectiveness of the repurposed drug isotretinoin in an experimental murine model of Chagas disease","volume":"242","author":"Rial","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.657257","article-title":"Repurposing carvedilol as a novel inhibitor of the Trypanosoma cruzi autophagy flux that affects parasite replication and survival","volume":"11","author":"Rivero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105768","article-title":"Bioenergetics impairment of Trypanosoma cruzi by the antihypertensive manidipine: A drug repurposing strategy","volume":"214","author":"Correa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060826","article-title":"Nitazoxanide: A drug repositioning compound with potential use in Chagas disease in a murine model","volume":"16","author":"Arce-Fonseca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000796","article-title":"Repurposing the orphan drug nitisinone to control the transmission of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"19","author":"Sterkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.106009","article-title":"Energy metabolism as a target for cyclobenzaprine: A drug candidate against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"127","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104056","article-title":"Tolnaftate inhibits ergosterol production and impacts cell viability of Leishmania sp","volume":"102","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10812","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.1950574","article-title":"Drug repurposing based novel anti-leishmanial drug screening using in-silico and in-vitro approaches","volume":"40","author":"Rai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53316-5","article-title":"Identification of potential inhibitor against Leishmania donovani mitochondrial DNA primase through in-silico and in vitro drug repurposing approaches","volume":"14","author":"Nath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114469","article-title":"Evaluation of antileishmanial potential of the antidepressant escitalopram in Leishmania infantum","volume":"209","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110333","volume":"371","author":"Antinarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-021-00707-4","article-title":"Acarbose presents in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity against Leishmania infantum and is a promising therapeutic candidate against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"210","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00546","article-title":"Antileishmanial chemotherapy through clemastine fumarate mediated inhibition of the Leishmania inositol phosphorylceramide synthase","volume":"7","author":"Mina","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108952","article-title":"Pamidronate, a promising repositioning drug to treat leishmaniasis, displays antileishmanial and immunomodulatory potential","volume":"110","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107143","article-title":"Quinine and chloroquine: Potential preclinical candidates for the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"252","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-023-00746-2","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of thioridazine","volume":"69","author":"Sifontes-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108688","article-title":"In vitro antileishmanial activity of thioridazine on amphotericin B unresponsive\/sensitive Leishmania donovani promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes","volume":"257","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001503","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp. infection in solid organ transplantation: The nationwide \u201cTRANSCRYPTO\u201d study","volume":"101","author":"Lanternier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03874-22","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors display potent activity against Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"11","author":"Nava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2021.09.001","article-title":"Treatment of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis: A review of published clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Diptyanusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081168","article-title":"Analysis of Giardia lamblia nucleolus as drug target: A review","volume":"16","author":"Gaona-L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000606","article-title":"Human babesiosis: Recent advances and future challenges","volume":"27","author":"Lobo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad243","article-title":"Cost-effective in vivo and in vitro mouse models for evaluating anticryptosporidial drug efficacy: Assessing vorinostat, docetaxel, and baicalein","volume":"228","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02460-12","article-title":"Drug repurposing screen reveals FDA-approved inhibitors of human HMG-CoA reductase and isoprenoid synthesis that block Cryptosporidium parvum growth","volume":"57","author":"Bessoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9491","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179491","article-title":"Multilevel approach for the treatment of giardiasis by targeting arginine deiminase","volume":"22","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Lainez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.11.003","article-title":"Disulfiram as a novel inactivator of Giardia lamblia triosephosphate isomerase with antigiardial potential","volume":"7","author":"Castillo-Villanueva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5943","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115943","article-title":"Virtual screening of FDA-approved drugs against triose phosphate isomerase from Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia identifies inhibitors of their trophozoite growth phase","volume":"22","author":"Ju\u00e1rez-Saldivar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00204-21","article-title":"Tafenoquine is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of babesiosis","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6027-z","article-title":"Activities of anti-Toxoplasma drugs and compounds against tissue cysts in the last three decades (1987 to 2017), a systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Montazeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110100","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica induced NETosis and the dual role of NETs in amoebiasis","volume":"118","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08062-4","article-title":"Triclabendazole and clofazimine reduce replication and spermine uptake in vitro in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"123","author":"Corvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106810","article-title":"Mefloquine loaded niosomes as a promising approach for the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"239","author":"El Sharazly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00337-z","article-title":"Repurposing auranofin for treatment of experimental cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"66","author":"Abou-El-Naga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01252-z","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by bedaquiline as an anti-Toxoplasma alternative","volume":"54","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01683-15","article-title":"Guanabenz repurposed as an antiparasitic with activity against acute and latent toxoplasmosis","volume":"59","author":"Benmerzouga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008952","article-title":"COP9 signalosome is an essential and druggable parasite target that regulates protein degradation","volume":"16","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07354-x","article-title":"Drug repositioning: Antiprotozoal activity of terfenadine against Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites","volume":"121","author":"Rangel-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa195","article-title":"Clofazimine, a promising drug for the treatment of Babesia microti infection in severely immunocompromised hosts","volume":"222","author":"Tuvshintulga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa421","article-title":"Clofazimine for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults: An experimental medicine, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2a trial","volume":"73","author":"Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01560-21","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clofazimine for treatment of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01365","article-title":"Improvement of aqueous solubility of lapatinib-derived analogues: Identification of a quinolinimine lead for human African trypanosomiasis drug development","volume":"62","author":"Bachovchin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.104639","article-title":"Quinolines, a perpetual, multipurpose scaffold in medicinal chemistry","volume":"109","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimalarial natural products, Prog. Chem. Org","volume":"117","author":"Kingston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2021036","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of \u03b2-acetyl-digitoxin, a cardenolide of Digitalis lanata potentially useful to treat visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108976","article-title":"Antileishmanial effect of rapamycin as an alternative approach to control Leishmania tropica infection","volume":"276","author":"Khadir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010947","article-title":"Identification of potent anti-Cryptosporidium new drug leads by screening traditional Chinese medicines","volume":"16","author":"Kabir","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.05.015","article-title":"Drug combination therapy increases successful drug repositioning","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00284-22","article-title":"Drug repurposing in chagas disease: Chloroquine potentiates benznidazole activity against Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo, Antimicrob","volume":"66","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.975931","article-title":"Benznidazole and amiodarone combined treatment attenuates cytoskeletal damage in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected cardiac cells","volume":"12","author":"Barbosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.855119","article-title":"Miltefosine and benznidazole combination improve anti-Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo efficacy","volume":"12","author":"Gulin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021635","article-title":"Miltefosine and nifuratel combination: A promising therapy for the treatment of Leishmania donovani visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"24","author":"Melcon-Fernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib90","article-title":"In vitro anti-Leishmania activity of triclabendazole and its synergic effect with amphotericin B","volume":"12","author":"Borges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab537","article-title":"Combination of clofazimine and atovaquone as a potent therapeutic regimen for the radical cure of Babesia microti infection in immunocompromised hosts","volume":"225","author":"Tuvshintulga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00379-17","article-title":"Screening the medicines for malaria venture pathogen box across multiple pathogens reclassifies starting points for open-source drug discovery","volume":"61","author":"Duffy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3747-6","article-title":"Multi-center screening of the Pathogen Box collection for schistosomiasis drug discovery, Parasit","volume":"12","author":"Maccesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e382","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00326-8","article-title":"Searching for new therapeutic options for the uncommon pathogen Mycobacterium chimaera: An open drug discovery approach","volume":"3","author":"Cantillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00199","article-title":"Leveraging the MMV pathogen box to engineer an antifungal compound with improved efficacy and selectivity against Candida auris","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105421","article-title":"Screening and identification of pathogen box\u00ae compounds with anti-Trypanosoma evansi activity","volume":"206","author":"Canever","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02541-14","article-title":"Repurposing the open access malaria box to discover potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"58","author":"Boyom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14121219","article-title":"Discovery of new chemical tools against Leishmania amazonensis via the MMV pathogen box","volume":"14","author":"L\u00f3pez-Arencibia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.26506","article-title":"The antimalarial amodiaquine causes autophagic-lysosomal and proliferative blockade sensitizing human melanoma cells to starvation- and chemotherapy-induced cell death","volume":"9","author":"Qiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13540","article-title":"Antimalarial drug mefloquine inhibits nuclear factor kappa B signaling and induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells","volume":"109","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-13-0750","article-title":"Computational repositioning and preclinical validation of pentamidine for renal cell cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zerbini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101490","article-title":"Combination of antimalarial and CNS drugs with antineoplastic agents in MCF-7 breast and HT-29 colon cancer cells: Biosafety evaluation and mechanism of action","volume":"12","author":"Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121623","article-title":"New trends for antimalarial drugs: Synergism between antineoplastics and antimalarials on breast cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.7.28","article-title":"The potential of artemisinins as novel treatment for thyroid eye disease by inhibiting adipogenesis in orbital fibroblasts","volume":"64","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1935-6","article-title":"A novel function of artesunate on inhibiting migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0372-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: Implications for rheumatology","volume":"16","author":"Schrezenmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"71","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00522","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential of artemisinins in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2020.0071","article-title":"In silico potential of approved antimalarial drugs for repurposing against COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25440","article-title":"Antimalarial drugs and their metabolites are potent Zika virus inhibitors","volume":"91","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.03.014","article-title":"Amodiaquine, an antimalarial drug, inhibits dengue virus type 2 replication and infectivity","volume":"106","author":"Boonyasuppayakorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02331-19","article-title":"Derivatives of the antimalarial drug mefloquine are broad-spectrum antifungal molecules with activity against drug-resistant clinical isolates","volume":"64","author":"Montoya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj3860","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs targeting DosRS signaling in Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"14","author":"Belardinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01026-23","article-title":"Repurposing of the antimalarial agent tafenoquine to combat MRSA","volume":"8","author":"She","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7501","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03083-14","article-title":"Quinacrine inhibits Candida albicans growth and filamentation at neutral pH","volume":"58","author":"Kulkarny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2095177924001813?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2095177924001813?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T10:30:00Z","timestamp":1740652200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2095177924001813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S2095177924001813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2095-1779"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2095-1779","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exploration of innovative drug repurposing strategies for combating human protozoan diseases: Advances, challenges, and opportunities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101084","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101084"}}