{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:01:39Z","timestamp":1791219699208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:41:10Z","timestamp":1773913270000},"page":"100367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Derivatives: Orthopaedic Implications in Achondroplasia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3304-4400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Sabharwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61787","article-title":"Birth prevalence of achondroplasia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"182","author":"Foreman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-02141-4","article-title":"Growth in achondroplasia including stature, weight, weight-for-height and head circumference from CLARITY: achondroplasia natural history study\u2014a multi-center retrospective cohort study of achondroplasia in the US","volume":"16","author":"Hoover-Fong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib3","series-title":"Anthropometric reference data for children and adults: United States, 2015-2018","author":"Fryar","year":"2021"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2419955","article-title":"Challenges to self-care and domestic life for adults with disproportionate short statured skeletal dysplasia: a mixed method systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Prescelia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2025.117462","article-title":"Limb lengthening in individuals with achondroplasia: analysis of an international survey","volume":"195","author":"Beger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199001000-00003","article-title":"Clinical application of the tension\u2013stress effect for limb lengthening","volume":"250","author":"Ilizarov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00595-x","article-title":"International consensus statement on the diagnosis, multidisciplinary management and lifelong care of individuals with achondroplasia","volume":"18","author":"Savarirayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib8","series-title":"Limb lengthening position statement","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-024-03236-4","article-title":"International expert opinion on the considerations for combining vosoritide and limb surgery: a modified Delphi study","volume":"19","author":"Boero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000446958","article-title":"Height outcome of recombinant human growth hormone treatment in achondroplasia children: a meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Miccoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-003-0425-7","article-title":"Efficacy of growth hormone therapy for patients with skeletal dysplasia","volume":"21","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib12","series-title":"Orphan drug designations and approvals","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib13","series-title":"Voxzogo - european medicines agency","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib14","article-title":"Disentangling the cost of orphan drugs marketed in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Althobaiti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01623-w","article-title":"Vosoritide: first approval","volume":"81","author":"Duggan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib16","article-title":"Advances in the mechanism and therapies of achondroplasia","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib17","article-title":"Once-weekly TransCon CNP (navepegritide) in children with achondroplasia (ACcomplisH): a phase 2, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial","volume":"65","author":"Savarirayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-025-03853-7","article-title":"Integrating vosoritide therapy with limb surgery in paediatric patients with achondroplasia: real-life experiences","volume":"20","author":"Allegri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000002980","article-title":"Changes in the alignment of the spine and lower limb in children with achondroplasia treated with vosoritide: a single-center, 1-year Follow-up prospective study","volume":"45","author":"Sawamura","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.373","article-title":"Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions","volume":"9","author":"Rolian","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Develop Biol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.266551.115","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor signaling in skeletal development and disease","volume":"29","author":"Ornitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81069-7","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is a negative regulator of bone growth","volume":"84","author":"Deng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2005.01.001","article-title":"Cellular signaling by fibroblast growth factor receptors","volume":"16","author":"Eswarakumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"R1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R2","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv419","article-title":"Advances in treatment of achondroplasia and osteoarthritis","volume":"25","author":"Klag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.24.4977","article-title":"Repression of hedgehog signaling and BMP4 expression in growth plate cartilage by fibroblast growth factor receptor 3","volume":"125","author":"Naski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32833b7a69","article-title":"Achondroplasia: pathogenesis and implications for future treatment","volume":"22","author":"Laederich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib27","article-title":"Knock-in human FGFR3 achondroplasia mutation as a mouse model for human skeletal dysplasia","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.8.4455","article-title":"A mouse model for achondroplasia produced by targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor 3","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12890","article-title":"Low bone mineral density in achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia","volume":"58","author":"Matsushita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-012-2126-x","article-title":"Assessment of osteoporotic alterations in achondroplastic patients: a case series","volume":"32","author":"Arita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5916","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115916","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of induction of bone growth by the C-Type natriuretic peptide","volume":"23","author":"Rintz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.022","article-title":"8-Nitro-cGMP promotes bone growth through expansion of growth plate cartilage","volume":"110","author":"Hoshino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.03.006","article-title":"Complementary antagonistic actions between C-type natriuretic peptide and the MAPK pathway through FGFR-3 in ATDC5 cells","volume":"36","author":"Ozasa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-7-18","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide regulates endochondral bone growth through p38 MAP kinase-dependent and \u2013 independent pathways","volume":"7","author":"Agoston","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Dev Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20657","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide enhances osteogenic protein-1-induced osteoblastic cell differentiation via Smad5 phosphorylation","volume":"97","author":"Yeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21448","article-title":"The receptor attributable to C-type natriuretic peptide-induced differentiation of osteoblasts is switched from type B- to type C-natriuretic peptide receptor with aging","volume":"103","author":"Kaneki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115320","article-title":"Male mice with elevated C-type natriuretic peptide-dependent guanylyl cyclase-B activity have increased osteoblasts, bone mass and bone strength","volume":"135","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1801","article-title":"Increased bone turnover and possible accelerated fracture healing in a murine model with an increased circulating C-Type natriuretic peptide","volume":"156","author":"Kondo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib39","article-title":"Collagen-binding C-type natriuretic peptide enhances chondrogenesis and osteogenesis","author":"Hirai","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib40","article-title":"Combined treatment with a C-type natriuretic peptide analog and bisphosphonate enhances bone growth in growing mice with osteogenesis imperfecta: a pilot study","author":"Mulcrone","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004820","article-title":"Chondrocytes transdifferentiate into osteoblasts in endochondral bone during development, postnatal growth and fracture healing in mice","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12097","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302703111","article-title":"Hypertrophic chondrocytes can become osteoblasts and osteocytes in endochondral bone formation","volume":"111","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813446","article-title":"C-Type natriuretic peptide analogue therapy in children with achondroplasia","volume":"381","author":"Savarirayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10252","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31541-5","article-title":"Once-daily, subcutaneous vosoritide therapy in children with achondroplasia: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"396","author":"Savarirayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib45","series-title":"Week 52 COACH Trial Topline Results Confirm Consistent and Durable Treatment Benefits in Children with achondroplasia (ACH)","year":"2026"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaf041","article-title":"Real-world outcome of vosoritide treatment in children with achondroplasia: a 12-month retrospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Reincke","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001021","article-title":"A brief history of limb lengthening","volume":"37","author":"Birch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e479","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001453","article-title":"Lengthening of the humerus using a motorized lengthening nail: a retrospective comparative series","volume":"40","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002209","article-title":"What are the risks and functional outcomes associated with bilateral humeral lengthening using a monolateral external fixator in patients with achondroplasia?","volume":"480","author":"Laufer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.24.00113","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of intramedullary lengthening nails vs. alternative techniques for femoral limb lengthening: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Azimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2014.960647","article-title":"Femoral lengthening with a motorized intramedullary nail","volume":"86","author":"Horn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9890","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129890","article-title":"Bone growth induction in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA mouse","volume":"24","author":"Rintz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B12.22418","article-title":"Femoral lengthening in achondroplasia: magnitude of lengthening in relation to patterns of callus, stiffness of adjacent joints and fracture","volume":"91","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2025.105017","article-title":"Comparison of bilateral tibial lengthening with circular external fixator and simultaneous deformity correction with hexapod external fixator in achondroplasia","volume":"75","author":"Bocchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001767","article-title":"Upper limb lengthening in achondroplasia using unilateral external fixation","volume":"41","author":"Arenas-Miquelez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00118","article-title":"Bone healing index and complications of a magnetic internal lengthening nail: a retrospective series of 286 bone lengthening events","volume":"9","author":"Reif","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAAOS Glob Res Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3390\/children8060467","article-title":"Lengthening reconstruction surgery for fibular hemimelia: a review","volume":"8","author":"Fuller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367_bib58","first-page":"51","article-title":"C-Type natriuretic peptide analogs: current and future therapeutic applications","volume":"98","author":"Galetaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2768276526000465?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2768276526000465?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:35:04Z","timestamp":1791218104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2768276526000465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S2768276526000465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2768-2765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2768-2765","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Derivatives: Orthopaedic Implications in Achondroplasia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jposna.2026.100367","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100367"}}