{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T21:57:11Z","timestamp":1772402231610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jprasopen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JPRAS Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T07:09:14Z","timestamp":1766128154000},"page":"522-534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bone complications after hand and face transplantation: Mechanisms and management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Omer","family":"Dirican","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1613-2805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bedreddin","family":"Sazoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naga Anvesh","family":"Kodali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramu","family":"Janarthanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yalcin","family":"Kulahci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5851-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"Zor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay S.","family":"Gorantla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3944(01)00668-X","article-title":"First transplantation of two hands: results after 18 months","volume":"127","author":"Dubernard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Chir"},{"issue":"9161","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)02062-0","article-title":"Human hand allograft: report on first 6 months","volume":"353","author":"Dubernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.02.015","article-title":"Outcomes of the first 2 American hand transplants at 8 and 6 years posttransplant","volume":"33","author":"Breidenbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1668535","article-title":"The Untold Story of the First Hand Transplant: Dedicated to the Memory of one of the Great Minds of the Ecuadorian Medical Community and the World","volume":"35","author":"Gilbert Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12117","article-title":"Vascularized composite tissue allotransplantation\u2013state of the art","volume":"27","author":"Diaz-Siso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000136","article-title":"The unique immunobiology of the skin: implications for tolerance of vascularized composite allografts","volume":"19","author":"Chadha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_sbref0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2011.08.004","article-title":"World experience after more than a decade of clinical hand transplantation: update from the Louisville hand transplant program","volume":"27","author":"Kaufman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200210000-00020","article-title":"The spectrum of complications of immunosuppression: is the time right for hand transplantation?","volume":"84","author":"Brenner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20003","article-title":"Risks of allogeneic hand transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Baumeister","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.05.007","article-title":"Bilateral hand transplantation: bone healing under immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone","volume":"29","author":"Gabl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003288","article-title":"First Lower Two-Thirds Osteomyocutaneous Facial Allograft Perfused by a Unilateral Facial Artery: Outcomes and Vascularization at 1 Year after Transplantation","volume":"139","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003130","article-title":"Watershed Areas in Face Transplantation","volume":"139","author":"Bassiri Gharb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007069","article-title":"Full Facial Allotransplantation Including the Temporomandibular Joints: A Radiologic and Anatomical Cadaveric Study","volume":"146","author":"Nunez-Villaveiran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.05.011","article-title":"Outcomes After Tooth-Bearing Maxillomandibular Facial Transplantation: Insights and Lessons Learned","volume":"77","author":"Ramly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13130","article-title":"Face transplantation-current status and future developments","volume":"31","author":"Tasigiorgos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001833","article-title":"Calcineurin-inhibitor induced pain syndrome after organ transplantation","volume":"70","author":"Collini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(01)02580-5","article-title":"Immunosuppression and bone loss after transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Torregrosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.03.002","article-title":"Glucocorticoid- and Transplantation-Induced Osteoporosis","volume":"50","author":"Zavatta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30375","article-title":"Bone infarction of the hip after hand allotransplantation: A case report","volume":"39","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/23320885.2017.1345635","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the humeral head following bilateral upper extremity vascular composite allotransplantation: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Rinkinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2008.06.025","article-title":"Hand transplantation in the United States: experience with 3 patients","volume":"144","author":"Ravindra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2001.tb00004.x","article-title":"Calcineurin-inhibitor induced pain syndrome (CIPS): a severe disabling complication after organ transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Grotz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30432-6","article-title":"The importance of increased intraosseous pressure in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: implications for treatment","volume":"16","author":"Hungerford","year":"1985","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e318212686b","article-title":"Bone healing after secondary surgery on hand allografts under sirolimus-based maintenance immunosuppression","volume":"66","author":"Cavadas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181d0ab80","article-title":"Vascularized Bone Grafts within Composite Tissue Allotransplants Can Autocreate Tolerance through Mixed Chimerism with Partial Myeloablative Conditioning: An Experimental Study in Rats","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2007.02.031","article-title":"Avascular osteonecrosis after renal transplantation","volume":"39","author":"Hedri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2007.01.006","article-title":"Symptomatic osteonecrosis of the hip and knee after cardiac transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Lieberman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-007-0320-2","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: inter- and intraobserver variations of Ficat and ARCO classifications","volume":"32","author":"Schmitt-Sody","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.33724b","article-title":"Pathogenesis and natural history of osteonecrosis","volume":"32","author":"Assouline-Dayan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0030","first-page":"597","article-title":"[Magnetic resonance imaging of bone infarction. Apropos of 2 cases]","volume":"69","author":"P\u00e9r\u00e9","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2014.916490","article-title":"Corticosteroid administration within 2 weeks after renal transplantation affects the incidence of femoral head osteonecrosis","volume":"85","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.101643","article-title":"Risk factors and pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head - A scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Birla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466010-00014","article-title":"Studies on the antigenicity of bone. II. Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies in human recipients of freeze-dried allografts","volume":"66","author":"Friedlaender","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759070-00009","article-title":"Allogeneic segmental fibular transplants in azathioprine-immunosuppressed dogs","volume":"59","author":"Burchardt","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199103000-00001","article-title":"Relative antigenicity of components of a vascularized limb allograft","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199102000-00014","article-title":"Vascularized bone allografts: in vitro assessment of cell-mediated and humoral responses","volume":"87","author":"Innis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90260-8","article-title":"The effects of vascularity and cyclosporin A on the mechanical properties of canine fibular autografts","volume":"25","author":"Bensusan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200206270-00005","article-title":"Recipient bone marrow engraftment in donor tissue after long-term tolerance to a composite tissue allograft","volume":"73","author":"Mathes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1006\/cbir.2001.0812","article-title":"FK506 enhanced osteoblastic differentiation in mesenchymal cells","volume":"26","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2002.tb00149.x","article-title":"Structural skeletal impairment induced by immunosuppressive therapy in rats: cyclosporine A vs tacrolimus","volume":"15","author":"Abdelhadi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2002.tb00133.x","article-title":"Tacrolimus and low-dose steroid immunosuppression preserves bone mass after renal transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Goffin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.05.011","article-title":"Stability and surgical complications in segmental Le Fort I osteotomy: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Haas Junior","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stomax.2010.10.004","article-title":"[Non-union of the maxilla: a rare complication after Le Fort I osteotomy]","volume":"111","author":"Imholz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac"},{"issue":"10052","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31138-2","article-title":"Face transplant: long-term follow-up and results of a prospective open study","volume":"388","author":"Lantieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3575","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003575","article-title":"Facial Trauma 8 years after a Face Transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Goutard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008831","article-title":"Maxillary and Mandibular Healing After Facial Allotransplantation","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.7.6169","article-title":"Inhibitory actions of glucocorticoids on skeletal growth. Is local insulin-like growth factor I to blame?","volume":"139","author":"Canalis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108223250804","article-title":"Rapid loss of vertebral mineral density after renal transplantation","volume":"325","author":"Julian","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1548-3","article-title":"Oral glucocorticoid use is associated with an increased risk of fracture","volume":"15","author":"Steinbuch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02678145","article-title":"Bone mass and mineral metabolism in liver transplant patients treated with FK506 or cyclosporine A","volume":"68","author":"Monegal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1472-5","article-title":"Diagnostic work-up in steroid myopathy","volume":"60","author":"Minetto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1721467","article-title":"Treatment options for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"21","author":"Chiodini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28550","article-title":"Estrogen deficiency and bone loss: an inflammatory tale","volume":"116","author":"Weitzmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027843","article-title":"Sequential changes of biochemical bone parameters after kidney transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Reinhardt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2752(2000)20:8<360::AID-MICR4>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Hand transplantation: comparisons and observations of the first four clinical cases","volume":"20","author":"Francois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2001.19950547.x","article-title":"Variations of the arterial pattern in the upper limb revisited: a morphological and statistical study, with a review of the literature","volume":"199","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Niedenf\u00fchr","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003056","article-title":"Two Decades of Hand Transplantation: A Systematic Review of Outcomes","volume":"88","author":"Wells","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199906000-00005","article-title":"Use of three-phase bone scans and SPET in the follow-up of patients with allogenic vascularized femur transplants","volume":"20","author":"Kirschner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2003.22.2.145","article-title":"Doppler assessment of vascular changes during fracture treatment with low-intensity ultrasound","volume":"22","author":"Rawool","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0060","first-page":"537","article-title":"[Bone callus: possible assessment with color Doppler ultrasonography. Normal bone healing process]","volume":"91","author":"Bottinelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00720-1","article-title":"Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic","volume":"61","author":"Marx","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00009","article-title":"Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws","volume":"144","author":"Woo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072828","article-title":"Outcomes 18 Months after the First Human Partial Face Transplantation","volume":"357","author":"Dubernard","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.83a.15066","article-title":"Drugs that may harm bone: Mitigating the risk","volume":"83","author":"Hant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071074","article-title":"HLA-mismatched renal transplantation without maintenance immunosuppression","volume":"358","author":"Kawai","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1372862","article-title":"Immune modulation in transplant medicine: a comprehensive review of cell therapy applications and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Knoedler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1421854","article-title":"Advances and clinical challenges of mesenchymal stem cell therapy","volume":"15","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.014","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 knockin mice for genome editing and cancer modeling","volume":"159","author":"Platt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["JPRAS Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352587825003043?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352587825003043?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T21:22:52Z","timestamp":1772400172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352587825003043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["S2352587825003043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-5878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-5878","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bone complications after hand and face transplantation: Mechanisms and management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JPRAS Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.12.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}