{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T13:54:18Z","timestamp":1760622858900},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":411,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Psychiatric Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,17]],"date-time":"2012-03-17T03:18:45Z","timestamp":1331954325000},"page":"805-810","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Changes in facial electromyographic activity in spider-phobic girls after psychotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Verena","family":"Leutgeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schienle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib1","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM IV-TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2006.09.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study","volume":"22","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.09.007","article-title":"Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: a critical review","volume":"29","author":"Cisler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(01)00089-5","article-title":"Spider phobia: interaction of disgust and perceived likelihood of involuntary physical contact","volume":"16","author":"De Jong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00002-8","article-title":"Spider phobia in children: disgust and fear before and after treatment","volume":"35","author":"De Jong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00135-7","article-title":"Counterconditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: effects on disgust, fear and valence","volume":"38","author":"De Jong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00167-6","article-title":"Disgust and disgust sensitivity in spider phobia: facial EMG in response to spider and oral disgust imagery","volume":"16","author":"De Jong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib9","series-title":"Nebraska symposium on motivation","first-page":"207","article-title":"Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion","author":"Ekman","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424jccp2902_8","article-title":"Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of specific phobia in adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Essau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1024\/\/1422-4917.28.3.205","article-title":"Leiden schon Achtj\u00e4hrige an Panik? Pr\u00e4valenzuntersuchung mit Schwerpunkt Panikst\u00f6rung und Agoraphobie","volume":"28","author":"Federer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00048-3","article-title":"Gender and age differences in the prevalence of specific fears and phobias","volume":"34","author":"Fredrikson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2008.08.005","article-title":"Spiders are special: fear and disgust evoked by pictures of arthropods","volume":"30","author":"Gerdes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00069-0","article-title":"Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (SPQ-C): a psychometric study and normative data","volume":"34","author":"Kindt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib15","series-title":"International affective picture system","author":"Lang","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2009.09.003","article-title":"An event-related potential study on exposure therapy for patients suffering from spider phobia","volume":"82","author":"Leutgeb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.09.004","article-title":"Psychophysiology of spider phobia in 8- to 12-year old girls","volume":"85","author":"Leutgeb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(09)80011-9","article-title":"A\u00a0test of a disease-avoidance model of animal phobias","volume":"29","author":"Matchett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(93)90011-P","article-title":"The role of evaluative learning and disgust sensitivity in the etiology and treatment of spider phobia","volume":"15","author":"Merckelbach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.3.464","article-title":"Disgust and spider phobia","volume":"105","author":"Mulkens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00050-8","article-title":"Common childhood fears and their origins","volume":"35","author":"Muris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00201-0","article-title":"The structure of specific phobia symptoms among children and adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Muris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.483","article-title":"Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning","volume":"108","author":"\u00d6hman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.04.007","article-title":"Is disgust associated with psychopathology? Emerging research in the anxiety disorders","volume":"175","author":"Olatunji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.07.007","article-title":"The relative contributions of fear and disgust reductions to improvements in spider phobia following exposure-based treatment","volume":"42","author":"Olatunji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90113-7","article-title":"One-session treatment for specific phobias","volume":"27","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00093-6","article-title":"Emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobics","volume":"40","author":"Sawchuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1006\/lmot.2000.1067","article-title":"Evaluative conditioning: a possible explanation for the acquisition of disgust responses?","volume":"32","author":"Schienle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Learning and Motivation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1616-3443.31.2.110","article-title":"Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Ekelempfindlichkeit, FEE","volume":"31","author":"Schienle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.06.025","article-title":"Brain activation of spider phobics towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust- and fear-inducing pictures","volume":"388","author":"Schienle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0754-y","article-title":"Symptom provocation and reduction in patients suffering from spider phobia: an fMRI study on exposure therapy","volume":"257","author":"Schienle","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2008.11.005","article-title":"Long-term effects of cognitive behavior therapy on brain activation in spider phobia","volume":"172","author":"Schienle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib33","series-title":"STAIC preliminary manual","author":"Spielberger","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803.19.1.50","article-title":"Psychophysiological correlates of disgust and disgust sensitivity","volume":"19","author":"Stark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.007","article-title":"Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on brain activation in specific phobia","volume":"29","author":"Straube","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib36","series-title":"Handbook of psychophysiology","first-page":"267","article-title":"The skeletomotor system: surface electromyography","author":"Tassinary","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00048-X","article-title":"Disgust and disgust sensitivity in blood-injection-injury and spider phobia","volume":"35","author":"Tolin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib38","series-title":"Diagnostisches Interview beipsychischen St\u00f6rungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter (Kinder-DIPS)","author":"Unnewehr","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000464","article-title":"Disgust and fear in response to spiders","volume":"16","author":"Vernon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03354.x","article-title":"The psychophysiology of disgust: differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG","volume":"30","author":"Vrana","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.04.002","article-title":"Disgust as a motivator of avoidance of spiders","volume":"19","author":"Woody","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychiatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022395612000726?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022395612000726?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T05:25:39Z","timestamp":1543123539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022395612000726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022395612000726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3956"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3956","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}}}