{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:57:21Z","timestamp":1790888241259,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Psychiatric Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]],"date-time":"2020-12-20T20:50:23Z","timestamp":1608497423000},"page":"69-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Students\u2019 mental health problems before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Meda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Pardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Slongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bodini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro Agostino","family":"Zordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Rigobello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Visioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Novara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.001","article-title":"Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Inventory\u2014Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample","volume":"20","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018","article-title":"Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Adam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/19556","article-title":"The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: online questionnaire study","volume":"22","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000362","article-title":"WHO world mental health surveys international college student project: prevalence and distribution of mental disorders","volume":"127","author":"Auerbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib5","author":"Barton"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib6","author":"Beck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001270","article-title":"Minimal clinically important difference on the Beck Depression Inventory - II according to the patient's perspective","volume":"45","author":"Button","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232020256.1.10932020","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in a low and middle-income country","volume":"25","author":"Castro-de-Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. sa\u00fade coletiva"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13074","article-title":"Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID\u201019 lockdown in Italy","author":"Cellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00082-U","article-title":"The Beck anxiety inventory in a non-clinical sample","volume":"33","author":"Creamer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104869","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and psychological distress symptoms in patients with affective disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"122","author":"Di Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30275-5","article-title":"Mental health care for university students: a way forward?","volume":"6","author":"Duffy","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236337","article-title":"Students under lockdown: comparisons of students' social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland","volume":"15","author":"Elmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib15","article-title":"Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib16","series-title":"Eating Disorder Inventory-3. Professional Manual","author":"Garner","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib17","series-title":"Eating Disorder Inventory-3","author":"Giannini","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring \u201corthorexia\u201d: development of the eating habits questionnaire","volume":"12","author":"Gleaves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Educat. Psychol. Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134779","article-title":"Effects of covid-19 lockdown on mental health and sleep disturbances in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Gualano","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113857","article-title":"Coping with COVID-19: exposure to COVID-19 and negative impact on livelihood predict elevated mental health problems in Chinese adults","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib22","series-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry S2215036620301681","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","author":"Holmes","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109651","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on mental health, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"94","author":"Jamilian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113111","article-title":"University students' mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece","volume":"290","author":"Kaparounaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib25","author":"Kassambara"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102213","article-title":"Lockdown of 1.3 billion people in India during Covid-19 pandemic: a survey of its impact on mental health","volume":"54","author":"Kochhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib27","series-title":"Doing Bayesian Data Analysis: A Tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan","author":"Kruschke","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib28","series-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity S0889159120305869","article-title":"Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population","author":"Moccia","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1071\/HC20030","article-title":"Psychological states of COVID-19 quarantine","volume":"12","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib30","first-page":"291","volume":"23","author":"Novara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psicoter. Cogn. Comportamentale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113108","article-title":"Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university","volume":"290","author":"Odriozola-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029030-00003","article-title":"Physical activity and mental health: current concepts","volume":"29","author":"Paluska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02262736","article-title":"The relationship between social class and mental disorder","volume":"17","author":"Perry","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Prim. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110186","article-title":"The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria","volume":"136","author":"Pieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib35","article-title":"Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population","author":"Pierce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100213","article-title":"A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations","volume":"33","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Psych"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib37","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/271063","article-title":"Bayesian model selection in social research","volume":"25","author":"Raftery","year":"1995","journal-title":"Socio. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060","article-title":"Suicide mortality and coronavirus disease 2019\u2014a perfect storm?","author":"Reger","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib40","series-title":"Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown","author":"Rehman","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09796-5","article-title":"Mental health during the covid-19 outbreak in China: a meta-analysis","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13004","article-title":"Mental health during and after the COVID \u201019 emergency in Italy","volume":"74","author":"Sani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib43","series-title":"Leading-Edge Psychological Tests and Testing Research","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Italian versions of the Beck anxiety inventory and the Beck depression inventory-II: psychometric properties and discriminant power","author":"Sica","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.07.001","article-title":"The Italian version of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: its psychometric properties on community and clinical samples","volume":"23","author":"Sica","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90447-2","article-title":"Imitative suicide on the Viennese subway","volume":"38","author":"Sonneck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib46","series-title":"Evaluating Stress: A Book of Resources","first-page":"23","article-title":"Beck anxiety inventory","author":"Steer","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib47","author":"Thakur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30150-4","article-title":"Key ethical questions for research during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Townsend","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020934508","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and stress and socio-demographic correlates among general Indian public during COVID-19","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2019.1654718","article-title":"Mental health and wellbeing among Italian medical students: a descriptive study","volume":"31","author":"Volpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.881","article-title":"Comparison of the eating disorder inventory (EDI) in The Netherlands, Austria and Italy","volume":"16","author":"Waldherr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Eat Disord. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib52","series-title":"A Longitudinal Study on the Mental Health of General Population during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.0.0219","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and health across the life course: a test of the social causation and health selection hypotheses","volume":"87","author":"Warren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Forces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib54","article-title":"COVID\u201019 lockdown: a perfect storm for older people's mental health","volume":"12644","author":"Webb","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs jpm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7151.115","article-title":"Poverty, unemployment, and common mental disorders: population based cohort study","volume":"317","author":"Weich","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychiatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022395620311535?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022395620311535?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T11:16:43Z","timestamp":1758367003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022395620311535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0022395620311535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.04.27.20081695","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-3956"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3956","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Students\u2019 mental health problems before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown in Italy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Psychiatric Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}