{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:18:21Z","timestamp":1790615901856,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026WKQN036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026WKQN036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72104082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72104082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013804","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025AFB497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFB497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Psychiatric Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:32:41Z","timestamp":1782455561000},"page":"319-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Developmental trajectories, heterogeneous subgroups, and predictors of subgroup membership of PTSD among healthcare workers: An 18-month longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Zongju","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiting","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijiao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenning","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2059999","article-title":"Cumulative trauma from multiple natural disasters increases mental health burden on residents of Fort McMurray","volume":"13","author":"Agyapong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042182","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of immediate and long-term PTSD consequences of coronavirus-related (CoV-1 and CoV-2) pandemics among healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Al Falasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib3","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.023","article-title":"Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave: a cross-sectional study","volume":"160","author":"Azoulay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.06.006","article-title":"A longitudinal test of the bi-directional relations between avoidance coping and PTSD severity during and after PTSD treatment","volume":"50","author":"Badour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017829","article-title":"Beyond resilience and PTSD: mapping the heterogeneity of responses to potential trauma","volume":"4","author":"Bonanno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma, Theory Res. Pract. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults","volume":"68","author":"Brewin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.08.037","article-title":"Different trajectories of PTSD symptoms during the acute post-trauma period","volume":"131","author":"Brier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/0091415016641692","article-title":"Latent growth curve models: tracking changes over time","volume":"82","author":"Burant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113312","article-title":"PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: what can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"292","author":"Carmassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.038","article-title":"Psychometric property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019","volume":"277","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115406","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a four-wave longitudinal study","volume":"327","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1766770","article-title":"A profile analysis of post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among Chinese Shidu parents","volume":"11","author":"Eli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456","article-title":"Coping: pitfalls and promise","volume":"55","author":"Folkman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2024.102896","article-title":"Unveiling temporal dynamics of PTSD and its functional impairments: a longitudinal study in UK healthcare workers","volume":"106","author":"Freichel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib17","article-title":"Mental health consequences of the Covid-19 outbreak in Spain. A longitudinal study of the alarm situation and return to the new normality","volume":"107","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanguino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1016286","article-title":"More income, less depression? Revisiting the nonlinear and heterogeneous relationship between income and mental health","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib20","first-page":"76","article-title":"Correlation between shift work and sleep disorders of medical staff in tertiary hospitals","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Environmental & Occupational Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1480969","article-title":"Trends and determinants of nurses' mental health following the COVID-19 pandemic in China: a longitudinal, comparative study over a two-year period","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037046","article-title":"Bidirectional relationships between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress: a longitudinal study of Detroit residents","volume":"123","author":"Lowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043312","article-title":"The association between physical and psychological domestic violence experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health symptoms","volume":"20","author":"Lund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.024","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, trauma-related, and sleep disorders among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Marvaldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00254.x","article-title":"The long-term costs of traumatic stress: intertwined physical and psychological consequences","volume":"9","author":"McFarlane","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.111","article-title":"Traumatic stress, oxidative stress and post-traumatic stress disorder: neurodegeneration and the accelerated-aging hypothesis","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.369","article-title":"Statistical and substantive checking in growth mixture modeling:: comment on Bauer and Curran (2003)","volume":"8","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X19004874","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of disaster on the mental health of medical responders","volume":"34","author":"Naushad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prehospital Disaster Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03589-1","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000597","article-title":"Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: an 8-year prospective cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114038","article-title":"Self-stigmatization of healthcare workers in intensive care, acute, and emergency medicine","volume":"19","author":"Riegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib32","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise as a tool to cure anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"2023","author":"Sabri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ment. Illn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2022.2","article-title":"Risk and resilience in trajectories of post-traumatic stress symptoms among first responders after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: 7-year prospective cohort study","volume":"221","author":"Saito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102917","article-title":"Personality and coping: individual differences in responses to emotion","volume":"70","author":"Segerstrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib35","first-page":"835","article-title":"Mental health sataus and influencing factors of medical staff after blood-borne occupational exposure","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30005-3","article-title":"Suicide among health-care workers: time to act","volume":"389","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3420","article-title":"Occurrence of delayed-onset post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"40","author":"Utzon-Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2023.102714","article-title":"The impact of pre- and post-trauma financial problems on posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety and depression symptoms, and emotional support: a prospective population-based comparative study","volume":"96","author":"van der Velden","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib39","series-title":"Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 2009","first-page":"168","article-title":"The role of sleep in cognition and emotion","author":"Walker","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.028","article-title":"A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib41","article-title":"Major impact of coping styles on anxiety and depression symptoms in healthcare workers during the outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.7448","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories in family caregivers of patients with acute cardiorespiratory failure","volume":"6","author":"Wendlandt","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16973","article-title":"PTSD improvement associated with social connectedness in Gerofit Veterans Exercise Program","volume":"69","author":"Wilkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.06.015","article-title":"A systematic review of probable posttraumatic stress disorder in first responders following man-made mass violence","volume":"229","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20845","article-title":"Insomnia as predictor versus outcome of PTSD and depression among Iraq combat veterans","volume":"67","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib47","first-page":"114","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the simplified coping style questionnaire","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib48","first-page":"634","volume":"vol. 45","author":"Yan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047_bib49","first-page":"32","article-title":"Relationship between social support, resilience, self-esteem and post-traumatic stress disorder in intensive care unit nurses","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychiatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022395626003559?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022395626003559?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1790613202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022395626003559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0022395626003559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3956"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3956","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Developmental trajectories, heterogeneous subgroups, and predictors of subgroup membership of PTSD among healthcare workers: An 18-month longitudinal study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Psychiatric Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.06.047","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}