{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1771468027341,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jpurol.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T03:32:20Z","timestamp":1611372740000},"page":"239-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A narrative review of the history and evidence-base for the timing of orchidopexy for cryptorchidism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0763-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikhil V.","family":"Batra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7079-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romano T.","family":"DeMarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Bayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.4.590","article-title":"Timing of elective surgery on the genitalia of male children with particular reference to the risks, benefits, and psychological effects of surgery and anesthesia","volume":"97","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00159.x","article-title":"Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes","volume":"96","author":"Ritz\u00e9n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.005","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline","volume":"192","author":"Kolon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib4","series-title":"Presented at the EAU annual congress amsterdam","article-title":"EAU guidelines on paediatric urology","author":"Tekg\u00fcl","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib5","series-title":"Presented at the EAU annual congress amsterdam","article-title":"EAU guidelines on paediatric urology","author":"Radmayr","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib6","series-title":"Campbell-walsh-wein urology","first-page":"949","article-title":"Chapter 46. Etiology, diagnosis, and management of the undescended testis","author":"Barthold","year":"2020"},{"issue":"F1000 Faculty Rev","key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15532.1","article-title":"Barriers to implementation of guidelines for the diagnosis and management of undescended testis","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2768","article-title":"Age at surgery and outcomes of an undescended testis","volume":"137","author":"Schneuer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000496417","article-title":"Surgical management of undescended testis\u2014timetable and outcome: a debate","volume":"13","author":"Thorup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.90","article-title":"Risk factors for cryptorchidism","volume":"14","author":"Gurney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.005","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline","volume":"192","author":"Kolon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000095793.04232.d8","article-title":"The epidemiology of congenital cryptorchidism, testicular ascent and orchiopexy","volume":"170","author":"Barthold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.39.208.605","article-title":"The descent of the testis","volume":"39","author":"Scorer","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345105","article-title":"Incidence at birth and natural history of cryptorchidism: a study of 10,730 consecutive male infants","volume":"25","author":"Ghirri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1992.tb15653.x","article-title":"Undescended testis\u2014the need for a standard classification","volume":"70","author":"Whitaker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02125427","article-title":"Nomenclature of cryptorchidism","volume":"152","author":"Kaplan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib17","first-page":"892","article-title":"Cryptorchidism: a prospective study of 7500 consecutive male births","volume":"67","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00770.x","article-title":"The frequency of undescended testis from birth to adulthood: a review","volume":"31","author":"Sijstermans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.1.44","article-title":"Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism","volume":"92","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib20","unstructured":"Dudley A and Villanueva CA. Undescended testicle. AUA University. Available from: https:\/\/university.auanet.org\/modules\/webapps\/core\/index.cfm#\/corecontent\/213."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000106100.21225.d7","article-title":"What is the rate of spontaneous testicular descent in infants with cryptorchidism?","volume":"171","author":"Wenzler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib22","first-page":"III","article-title":"The testicular descent in human. Origin, development and fate of the gubernaculum Hunteri, processus vaginalis peritonei, and gonadal ligaments","volume":"156","author":"Barteczko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0042","article-title":"Role of hormones, genes, and environment in human cryptorchidism","volume":"29","author":"Foresta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib24","first-page":"5","article-title":"The histology of the retained testis in the human subject at different ages, and its comparison with the scrotal testis","volume":"64","author":"Cooper","year":"1929","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(55)90772-8","article-title":"The implications of testicular cytology in the treatment of cryptorchidism","volume":"90","author":"Hinman","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib26","first-page":"172","article-title":"The moment of the earliest recognizable changes of the testicles in cryptorchidism of infants (author's transl)","volume":"55","author":"Hedinger","year":"1971","journal-title":"Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442177","article-title":"Histopathology of undescended testes","volume":"139","author":"Hedinger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-25-7-927","article-title":"Cryptorchid and scrotal human testes. I. Cytological, cytochemical and quantitative studies","volume":"25","author":"Mancini","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67029-0","article-title":"Quantitative histology of germ cells in the undescended testes of human fetuses, neonates and infants","volume":"154","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06274-2","article-title":"The importance of both an early orchidopexy and germ cell maturation for fertility","volume":"358","author":"Hadziselimovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib31","first-page":"46","article-title":"Infertility in cryptorchidism is linked to the stage of germ cell development at orchidopexy","volume":"68","author":"Hadziselimovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000615","article-title":"Fertility potential is compromised in 20% to 25% of boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism despite orchiopexy within the first year of life","volume":"203","author":"Hildorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.04.025","article-title":"Undescended testis histology correlation with adult hormone levels and semen analysis","volume":"188","author":"Kraft","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs5.36","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes following orchidopexy for cryptorchidism before or after 1\u2009year of age","volume":"2","author":"Allin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30254-2","article-title":"Association between male genital anomalies and adult male reproductive disorders: a population-based data linkage study spanning more than 40 years","volume":"2","author":"Schneuer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib36","first-page":"28","article-title":"Fertility after bilateral cryptorchidism. Evaluation by paternity, hormone, and semen data","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cryptorchidism\u2014aspects of pathogenesis, histology and treatment","volume":"196","author":"Cortes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib38","first-page":"145","article-title":"Cryptorchidism: a morphological study of 670 biopsies","volume":"42","author":"Schindler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Helv Paediatr Acta"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000181506.97839.b0","article-title":"The importance of mini-puberty for fertility in cryptorchidism","volume":"174","author":"Hadziselimovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.01.058","article-title":"The relation between adult dark spermatogonia and other parameters of fertility potential in cryptorchid testes","volume":"190","author":"Thorup","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.08.007","article-title":"Pre- and postoperative status of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and inhibin-B in relation to testicular histopathology at orchiopexy in infant boys with unilateral undescended testes","volume":"11","author":"Thorup","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-017-0065-8","article-title":"On the descent of the epididymo-testicular unit, cryptorchidism, and prevention of infertility","volume":"27","author":"Hadziselimovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.173","article-title":"Surgical treatment of unilaterally undescended testes: testicular growth after randomization to orchiopexy at age 9 Months or 3 years","volume":"178","author":"Kollin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2325","article-title":"Boys with undescended testes: endocrine, volumetric and morphometric studies on testicular function before and after orchidopexy at nine months or three years of age","volume":"97","author":"Kollin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib45","series-title":"Practical treatise on the diseases of the testis and of the spermatic cord and scrotum","author":"Curling","year":"1856"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib46","first-page":"731","article-title":"Incidence and nature of tumors in ectopic testes","volume":"71","author":"Gilbert","year":"1940","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1942.01210200169012","article-title":"Incidence of malignant growth of the undescended testis","volume":"44","author":"Campbell","year":"1942","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq120","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of perinatal variables in relation to the risk of testicular cancer\u2014experiences of the son","volume":"39","author":"Cook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067588","article-title":"Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer","volume":"356","author":"Pettersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28207","article-title":"Congenital malformations and testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"133","author":"Trabert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.05.166","article-title":"Prepubertal orchiopexy for cryptorchidism may be associated with lower risk of testicular cancer","volume":"178","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00182","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and testicular germ cell tumors: comprehensive meta-analysis reveals that association between these conditions diminished over time and is modified by clinical characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Banks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.074","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction","volume":"181","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)55458-0","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer","volume":"124","author":"Batata","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23936","article-title":"Risk of contralateral testicular cancer among men with unilaterally undescended testis: a meta analysis","volume":"124","author":"Akre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Canc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.10.020","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and its relationship to testicular neoplasia and microlithiasis","volume":"66","author":"Husmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmk006","article-title":"Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ: genetic and environmental aspects","volume":"12","author":"Rajpert-De Meyts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4554","article-title":"Analysis of gene expression profiles of microdissected cell populations indicates that testicular carcinoma in situ is an arrested gonocyte","volume":"69","author":"Sonne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00991-5","article-title":"Testicular germ cell tumours","volume":"387","author":"Rajpert-De Meyts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1477513121000139?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1477513121000139?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T13:50:13Z","timestamp":1761486613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1477513121000139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1477513121000139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-5131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-5131","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A narrative review of the history and evidence-base for the timing of orchidopexy for cryptorchidism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Pediatric Urology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}