{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:13:15Z","timestamp":1790766795636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T10:55:49Z","timestamp":1596452149000},"page":"103183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bacterial infection of the male reproductive system causing infertility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Marziye","family":"Farsimadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9767-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Motamedifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.018","article-title":"Molecular detection of potential sexually transmitted pathogens in semen and urine specimens of infertile and fertile males","volume":"77","author":"Abusarah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.96657","article-title":"Pathogenomics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"30","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.11.018","article-title":"Asymptomatic infection with Mycoplasma hominis negatively affects semen parameters and leads to male infertility as confirmed by improved semen parameters after antibiotic treatment","volume":"100","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.11.018","article-title":"Asymptomatic infection with Mycoplasma hominis negatively affects semen parameters and leads to male infertility as confirmed by improved semen parameters after antibiotic treatment","volume":"100","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12944","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12944","article-title":"Association of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection with male infertility and the effect of antibiotic therapy in improvement of semen quality in infected infertile men","volume":"50","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002366","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant gonorrhea: a research and development roadmap to discover new medicines","volume":"14","author":"Alirol","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.05.004","article-title":"Prostatitis and male infertility","volume":"100","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013821","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections and seminal quality in infertile and fertile men in Kuwait","volume":"33","author":"Al\u2010Sweih","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0045","first-page":"257","article-title":"Evaluation for the cytotoxic Effect of exotoxin a produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on mice by using cytogenetic parameters","volume":"1","author":"Altaee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.12.001","article-title":"Anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies in cervical mucus: a new cause of infertility","volume":"155","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000074089","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in men attending for routine semen analysis. Prevalence, incidence by age and clinical settings, influence on sperm characteristics, relationship with the leukocyte count and clinical value","volume":"71","author":"Andrade-Rocha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000228583","article-title":"Colonization of Gardnerella vaginalis in semen of infertile men: prevalence, influence on sperm characteristics, relationship with leukocyte concentration and clinical significance","volume":"68","author":"Andrade-Rocha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Invest."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083136","article-title":"Soluble products of Escherichia coli induce mitochondrial dysfunction-related sperm membrane lipid peroxidation which is prevented by lactobacilli","volume":"8","author":"Barbonetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0070","first-page":"111","article-title":"Study of seminal infection among an infertile male population in Qom, Iran, and its effect on sperm quality","volume":"10","author":"Berjis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.01.044","article-title":"Ability of Escherichia coli to produce hemolysis leads to a greater pathogenic effect on human sperm","volume":"103","author":"Boguen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4794-4800.1999","article-title":"Porin from Pseudomonas aeruginosainduces apoptosis in an epithelial cell line derived from rat seminal vesicles","volume":"67","author":"Buommino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/014850101316901280","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in seminal plasma of infertile men, and lipid peroxidation of their sperm","volume":"47","author":"Camejo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2013126","article-title":"Is semen polymorphonuclear leucocytes count a good predictor of male genital tract infection?","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0704-1","article-title":"Infection by CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains may contribute to alter the sperm quality of men with fertility disorders and increase the systemic levels of TNF-alpha","volume":"55","author":"Collodel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2010.533219","article-title":"Bacterial species present in the lower male genital tract: a five-year retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"De Francesco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12918","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12918","article-title":"Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm chromatin condensation and DNA integrity","volume":"50","author":"Dehghan Marvast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(75)90116-8","article-title":"Bacterial effect on sperm motility","volume":"5","author":"Del Porto","year":"1975","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1642-431X(12)60077-1","article-title":"Impact of protamine transcripts and their proteins on the quality and fertilization ability of sperm and the development of preimplantation embryos","volume":"12","author":"Depa-Martynow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del032","article-title":"Mycoplasma hominis attaches to and locates intracellularly in human spermatozoa","volume":"21","author":"Diaz-Garcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2000.00224.x","article-title":"Escherichia coli-induced alterations of human spermatozoa. An electron microscopy analysis","volume":"23","author":"Diemer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2003.00523.x","article-title":"Influence of autogenous leucocytes and Escherichia coli on sperm motility parameters in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Diemer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2016.1258330","article-title":"Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and the presence of anti-sperm antibodies","volume":"31","author":"Dimitrova-Dikanarova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5500-5510.2003","article-title":"Culture-independent identification of pathogenic bacteria and polymicrobial infections in the genitourinary tract of renal transplant recipients","volume":"41","author":"Domann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00248.x","article-title":"H3K79 methylation directly precedes the histone\u2010to\u2010protamine transition in mammalian spermatids and is sensitive to bacterial infections","volume":"2","author":"Dottermusch\u2010Heidel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.965-981.2004","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms used by Neisseria gonorrhoeae to initiate infection differ between men and women","volume":"17","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.7.1464","article-title":"Chlamydial serology in 1303 asymptomatic subfertile couples","volume":"12","author":"Eggert-Kruse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.09.004","article-title":"Seminal Helicobacter pylori treatment improves sperm motility in infertile asthenozoospermic men","volume":"84","author":"El-Garem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.46","article-title":"Human semen hyperviscosity: prevalence, pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects","volume":"11","author":"Elia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019608988505","article-title":"In vitro effect of Escherichia coli on human sperm acrosome reaction","volume":"37","author":"El-Mulla","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2003.00455.x","article-title":"Visco\u2010elasticity of seminal fluid in relation to the epididymal and accessory sex gland function and its impact on sperm motility","volume":"27","author":"Elzanaty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0180","article-title":"Contribution of bacterial infection to male infertility in Nigerians","volume":"8","author":"Emokpae","year":"2009","journal-title":"Online J. Health Allied Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afju.2016.03.010","article-title":"The effect of presence of facultative bacteria species on semen and sperm quality of men seeking fertility care","volume":"22","author":"Enwurua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Urol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138063","article-title":"Ultrastructural observations on the entry of Chlamydia trachomatis into human spermatozoa","volume":"8","author":"Erbengi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0195","first-page":"469","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in infertile male patients in Tabriz, northwest Iran","volume":"16","author":"Esmailkhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-015-1059-0","article-title":"A systematic review of recent clinical practice guidelines and best practice statements for the evaluation of the infertile male","volume":"47","author":"Esteves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0205","article-title":"The effects of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and -2, human herpesvirus-6 and -8, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus on female fertility and pregnancy","author":"Farsimadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200206000-00012","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and infertility","volume":"14","author":"Figura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12338","article-title":"Presence of aerobic micro-organisms and their influence on basic semen parameters in infertile men","volume":"47","author":"Filipiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.001149","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators exert toxic effects of oxidative stress on human spermatozoa","volume":"28","author":"Fraczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.02.001","article-title":"Cytokines in the male reproductive tract and their role in infertility disorders","volume":"108","author":"Fraczek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5603\/fhc.a2015.0019","article-title":"Mechanisms of the harmful effects of bacterial semen infection on ejaculated human spermatozoa: potential inflammatory markers in semen","volume":"53","author":"Fraczek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.12.025","article-title":"Bacteria trigger oxygen radical release and sperm lipid peroxidation in in vitro model of semen inflammation","volume":"88","author":"Fraczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2012.01283.x","article-title":"Membrane stability and mitochondrial activity of human-ejaculated spermatozoa during in vitro experimental infection with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Bacteroides ureolyticus","volume":"44","author":"Fraczek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.06.002","article-title":"Fertilizing potential of ejaculated human spermatozoa during in vitro semen bacterial infection","volume":"102","author":"Fraczek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der234","article-title":"Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 on human sperm recognize bacterial endotoxins and mediate apoptosis","volume":"26","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01644545","article-title":"The action of LPS porins and peptidoglycan fragments on human spermatozoa","volume":"16","author":"Galdiero","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06637.x","article-title":"Toxic effect on human spermatozoa by Chlamydia trachomatis purified lipopolysaccharide","volume":"115","author":"Galdiero","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.06.035","article-title":"Sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men with genitourinary infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma","volume":"90","author":"Gallegos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/ejc.6.2.102.107","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and male infertility in Tunisia","volume":"6","author":"Gdoura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-129","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium infections and semen quality of infertile men","volume":"7","author":"Gdoura","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.107.003566","article-title":"Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in semen and first void urine specimens of asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples","volume":"29","author":"Gdoura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00845.x","article-title":"Screening for bacterial pathogens in semen samples from infertile men with and without leukocytospermia","volume":"40","author":"Gdoura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0290","first-page":"130","article-title":"Relationship between Chlamydia-Ureaplasma-Mycoplasma genital detection with semen concentration and motility among Greek men","volume":"11","author":"Gerovassili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2006.00708.x","article-title":"Epididymal stereocilia in semen of infertile men: evidence of chronic epididymitis?","volume":"38","author":"Gonzalez-Jimenez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.7.996","article-title":"The relationship of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and male infertility","volume":"83","author":"Greendale","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(89)90475-X","article-title":"Culture of seminal fluid in infertile men and relationship to semen evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Gregoriou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.03.012","article-title":"C-type lectin DC-SIGN modulates Toll-like receptor signaling via Raf-1 kinase-dependent acetylation of transcription factor NF-kappaB","volume":"26","author":"Gringhuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1726-4","article-title":"Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma infections in infertile couples and effects of these infections on fertility","volume":"283","author":"G\u00fcnyeli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0320","series-title":"The Interation of Lipopolysaccharide with Human Spermatozoa: Particular Relevance to Chlamydia trachomatis","author":"Hakimi","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0325","first-page":"800","article-title":"Relationship of bacteriologic characteristics to semen indices in men attending an infertility clinic","volume":"75","author":"Hillier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.9.2035-2039.1990","article-title":"Reservoir of four organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis suggests lack of sexual transmission","volume":"28","author":"Holst","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.2.293","article-title":"Co-incubation of human spermatozoa with Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E causes premature sperm death","volume":"16","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.04836-0","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis-induced death of human spermatozoa is caused primarily by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"52","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1991","article-title":"Microbiota of the seminal fluid from healthy and infertile men","volume":"100","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60637-2","article-title":"Role of embryo quality in predicting early pregnancy loss following assisted reproductive technology","volume":"13","author":"Hourvitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0355","series-title":"Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","first-page":"759","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae","author":"Hsu","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12078","article-title":"Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-015-1724-z","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections and semen quality in 19,098 infertile men in China","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0370","first-page":"55","article-title":"Influence of different uropathogenic microorganisms on human sperm motility parameters in an in vitro experiment","volume":"30","author":"Huwe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01139781","article-title":"Microbial flora in semen during in vitro fertilization","volume":"8","author":"Huyser","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vitr. Fertil. Embryo Transf."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh155","article-title":"Demonstration of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies in the male partner of the infertile couple is correlated with a reduced likelihood of achieving pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Idahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.61.2.120","article-title":"Carriage of Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobes in semen","volume":"61","author":"Ison","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0390","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of oestrogen receptor alpha gene SNPs Arg157Ter C> T and Val364Glu T> A with female infertility","author":"Jodeiryzaer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.051","article-title":"The role of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male infertility","volume":"91","author":"Joki-Korpela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0400","first-page":"314","article-title":"Acrosome reaction in Chlamydia-positive and negative patients","volume":"35","author":"Jungwirth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002195","article-title":"Association between Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies and subfertility in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966), at the age of 31 years","volume":"132","author":"Karinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5099\/aj100100091","article-title":"Interference of human spermatozoa motility by live Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"2","author":"Kaur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0120-0","article-title":"Circulating acylated ghrelin level decreases in accordance with the extent of atrophic gastritis","volume":"44","author":"Kawashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000990","article-title":"Evaluation of different testing tools for the identification of non-gonococcal Neisseria spp. Isolated from Lebanese male semen: a strong and significant association with infertility","author":"Khoder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0425","first-page":"763","article-title":"Comparison the diagnostic value of serological and molecular methods for screening and detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in semen of infertile men: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Khoshakhlagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.08.083","article-title":"Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in semen","volume":"90","author":"Kiessling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.10.020","article-title":"Male infertility testing: reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity","volume":"102","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0440","first-page":"73","article-title":"Influence of urogenital infections on sperm functions","volume":"30","author":"Kohn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590310001651821","article-title":"Effect of contaminated preprocessed semen on fertilization rate and embryo quality in assisted reproductive techniques","volume":"18","author":"Krissi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.08.017","article-title":"Value of counting white blood cells (WBC) in semen samples to predict the presence of bacteria","volume":"49","author":"Lackner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01545-07","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia in a previously healthy man: case report and characterization of the isolate","volume":"46","author":"Lagace-Wiens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.02.044","article-title":"Concordance of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in infertile couples: impact on semen parameters","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.049","article-title":"Characteristic and mechanism of immobilization effect of Staphylococcus aureus on human spermatozoa","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0470","first-page":"179","article-title":"Influence of several uropathogenic microorganisms on human sperm motility parameters in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0475","first-page":"103","article-title":"Measurement of the reactive oxygen species and cytokines in the seminal plasma of leukocytospermic patients","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhonghua nan ke xue= NaT. J. Androl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.11.009","article-title":"Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis infections, and semen quality in infertile and fertile men in China","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2009.02.003","article-title":"Ghrelin: a metabolic signal affecting the reproductive system","volume":"20","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-006-9022-8","article-title":"The effects of sperm quality on embryo development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"23","author":"Loutradi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0495","article-title":"[Relationship between mycoplasma infection and germ cell sulfogalactosylglycerolipid]","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.05.002","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the male genital tract: an update","volume":"100","author":"Mackern-Oberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.05.015","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection is related to poor semen quality in young prostatitis patients","volume":"57","author":"Mazzoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)61591-X","article-title":"High incidence of oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia in human semen infected with the aerobic bacterium Streptococcus faecalis","volume":"5","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019508987852","article-title":"Bacterial infection and semen characteristics in infertile men","volume":"35","author":"Merino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417735245","article-title":"The impact of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm parameters and male fertility: a comprehensive study","volume":"29","author":"Moazenchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0525","series-title":"Pathogenic bacteria-A Probable Cause of Primary Infertility among Couples in Ekpoma","author":"Momoh","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1994.tb00423.x","article-title":"Spermagglutination by bacteria: receptor-specific interactions","volume":"15","author":"Monga","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-008-9283-5","article-title":"The presence of bacteria species in semen and sperm quality","volume":"26","author":"Moretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.03.027","article-title":"Detection of obestatin in seminal plasma and its relationship with ghrelin and semen parameters","volume":"95","author":"Moretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.015446","article-title":"Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on levels of ghrelin and obestatin in human semen","volume":"33","author":"Moretti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2015.02.068","article-title":"Sperm parameters and semen levels of inflammatory cytokines in Helicobacter pylori-infected men","volume":"86","author":"Moretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0555","article-title":"The prevalence of bacteriospermia in infertile men and association with semen quality in Southwestern Iran","author":"Motamedifar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.11.007","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis occurrence and its impact on sperm quality in chronic prostatitis patients","volume":"53","author":"Motrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0318-4","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis: still a prime suspect in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"15","author":"Muzny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036298","article-title":"Bacterial communities of the coronal sulcus and distal urethra of adolescent males","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.10.2756","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum reduces motility and induces membrane alterations in human spermatozoa","volume":"13","author":"Nunez-Calonge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0580","first-page":"18","article-title":"Pattern of seminal fluid indices among infertile male partners attending the infertility clinic of university of maiduguri teaching hospital, Maiduguri Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Okon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Highl. Med. Res. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00073-1","article-title":"Seminal immune response in infertile men with leukocytospermia: effect on antioxidant activity","volume":"86","author":"Omu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0590","first-page":"210","article-title":"Studies on the significance of positive bacterial semen cultures in male fertility in Nigeria","volume":"46","author":"Onemu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Womens Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0595","series-title":"World Health Organization Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","first-page":"287","author":"Organization","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4314\/ajcem.v20i3.9","article-title":"Seroprevalence of microbial organisms during routine infertility evaluation at University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Osaikhuwuomwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr. J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00881.x","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a problem among male partners of infertile couples","volume":"41","author":"Ouzounova-Raykova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12391","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in infertile Bulgarian men with multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"123","author":"Ouzounova-Raykova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590802002551","article-title":"Serum and seminal plasma ghrelin levels in men with normospermia and dyspermia","volume":"24","author":"Panidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2019.100002","article-title":"Human MOSPD2: a bacterial Lmb mimicked auto-antigen is involved in immune infertility","author":"Parida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trans. Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)42380-0","article-title":"Isolation of a spermatozoal immobilization factor from Escherichia coli filtrates","volume":"28","author":"Paulson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.03.009","article-title":"Genital tract infections and infertility","volume":"140","author":"Pellati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0635","first-page":"73","article-title":"The impact of bacteriospermia on semen parameters: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Pergialiotis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Family Reprod. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005372","article-title":"Unusually low prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples from infertile men and healthy controls: a prevalence study","volume":"4","author":"Plecko","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1139\/W09-032","article-title":"Isolation of a spermatozoal immobilization factor from Staphylococcus aureus filtrates","volume":"55","author":"Prabha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240268","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/240268","article-title":"Mechanism of sperm immobilization by Escherichia coli","volume":"2010","author":"Prabha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00219.x","article-title":"Influence of enterococci on human sperm membrane in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Qiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0220-2","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections using a novel isothermal simultaneous RNA amplification testing method in infertile males","volume":"16","author":"Qing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.4601823.x","article-title":"PilC of pathogenic Neisseria is associated with the bacterial cell surface","volume":"25","author":"Rahman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.4.671","article-title":"Binding of complement factor H to loop 5 of porin protein 1A: a molecular mechanism of serum resistance of nonsialylated Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"188","author":"Ram","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"002","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0675","article-title":"Microorganisms and male infertility: possible pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Rana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Clin Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3109\/01485017908987323","article-title":"Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora in semen from fertile and infertile groups of men","volume":"2","author":"Rehewy","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.4.1041","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro impairment of human and ram sperm nuclear chromatin integrity by sexually transmitted Ureaplasma urealyticum infection","volume":"63","author":"Reichart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02196.x","article-title":"Dual energy metabolism-dependent effect of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection on sperm activity","volume":"22","author":"Reichart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4990","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00586-09","article-title":"Microbial quorum-sensing molecules induce acrosome loss and cell death in human spermatozoa","volume":"77","author":"Rennemeier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207684","article-title":"Impact of asymptomatic genital tract infections on in vitro Fertilization (IVF) outcome","volume":"13","author":"Ricci","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00340-6","article-title":"Relationship between semen cultures, leukospermia, and semen analysis in men undergoing fertility evaluation","volume":"79","author":"Rodin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des471","article-title":"The sperm protamine mRNA ratio as a clinical parameter to estimate the fertilizing potential of men taking part in an ART programme","volume":"28","author":"Rogenhofer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56529-7","article-title":"Sperm motility, morphology, hyperactivation, and ionophore-induced acrosome reactions after overnight incubation with mycoplasmas","volume":"61","author":"Rose","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0720","first-page":"206","article-title":"Bacterial agents as a cause of infertility in humans","volume":"39","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01198.x","article-title":"The effect of bacterial contamination of semen on sperm chromatin integrity and standard semen parameters in men from infertile couples","volume":"44","author":"Rybar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01717455","article-title":"Prevalence of genital chlamydia and mycoplasma infection in couples attending a male infertility clinic","volume":"10","author":"Samra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2005.06.003","article-title":"Bacterial infection and semen quality","volume":"67","author":"Sanocka-Maciejewska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei269","article-title":"Experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infection causes apoptosis in human sperm","volume":"21","author":"Satta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.01.140","article-title":"Effect of Escherichia coli and its soluble factors on mitochondrial membrane potential, phosphatidylserine translocation, viability, and motility of human spermatozoa","volume":"94","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0750","first-page":"47","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and sperm lipid peroxidation in infertile men","volume":"5","author":"Segnini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098903","article-title":"Molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted bacteria in semen of male partners of infertile couples in Tunisia: the effect on semen parameters and spermatozoa apoptosis markers","volume":"9","author":"Sellami","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3109\/01485018608986925","article-title":"Physiological integrity of human sperm in the presence of Ureaplasma urealyticum","volume":"16","author":"Shalhoub","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0765","first-page":"127","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum infection and apoptosis of spermatogenic cells","volume":"1","author":"Shang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01171-06","article-title":"Screening of an antigen target for immunocontraceptives from cross-reactive antigens between human sperm and Ureaplasma urealyticum","volume":"75","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.08.010","article-title":"Relationships between human sperm protamines, DNA damage and assisted reproduction outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Simon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.184.4.1132-1139.2002","article-title":"The Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl) homoserine lactone contributes to virulence and induces inflammation in vivo","volume":"184","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)53290-7","article-title":"Male genital mycoplasmas and Chlamydia trachomatis culture: its relationship with accessory gland function, sperm quality, and autoimmunity","volume":"53","author":"Soffer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11222","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.338830","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factor NG1686 is a bifunctional M23B family metallopeptidase that influences resistance to hydrogen peroxide and colony morphology","volume":"287","author":"Stohl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg392","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium attaches to human spermatozoa","volume":"18","author":"Svenstrup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1159\/000314015","article-title":"Gardnerella biofilm involves females and males and is transmitted sexually","volume":"70","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Invest."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54078-3","article-title":"The effects of three serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum on spermatozoal motility and penetration in vitro","volume":"55","author":"Talkington","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.5785-5793.2003","article-title":"The Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone accelerates apoptosis in macrophages and neutrophils","volume":"71","author":"Tateda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"5100","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/215484a0","article-title":"Spermadsorption and spermagglutination by mycoplasmas","volume":"215","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.1.36-42.1998","article-title":"The Pseudomonas aeruginosaquorum-sensing signal moleculen-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone has immunomodulatory activity","volume":"66","author":"Telford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1590\/S0041-87812003000500004","article-title":"Prevalence rates of infection in intensive care units of a tertiary teaching hospital","volume":"58","author":"Toufen Junior","year":"2003","journal-title":"Revista do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00542.x","article-title":"Chlamydiae in the ejaculate: their influence on the quality and morphology of sperm","volume":"83","author":"Veznik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.014654","article-title":"Male accessory gland infection frequency in infertile patients with chronic microbial prostatitis and irritable bowel syndrome: transrectal ultrasound examination helps to understand the links","volume":"33","author":"Vicari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2002.00472.x","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male partners of infertile couples: incidence and sperm function","volume":"34","author":"Vigil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019108987663","article-title":"Electron microscopy of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the male genital tract","volume":"27","author":"Villegas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-005-6065-8","article-title":"Bacteria induce expression of apoptosis in human spermatozoa","volume":"10","author":"Villegas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0855","series-title":"Bacteriospermia and Its Impact on Basic Semen Parameters among Infertile Men","author":"Vilvanathan","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2005.00673.x","article-title":"Bacterial flora of the low male genital tract in patients consulting for infertility","volume":"37","author":"Virecoulon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12523","article-title":"Varicocele decreases epididymal neutral \u03b1\u2010glucosidase and is associated with alteration of nuclear DNA and plasma membrane in spermatozoa","volume":"113","author":"Vivas\u2010Acevedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.5.421","article-title":"Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis","volume":"5","author":"Weidner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110152","article-title":"Bacterial communities in semen from men of infertile couples: metagenomic sequencing reveals relationships of seminal microbiota to semen quality","volume":"9","author":"Weng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56054-3","article-title":"Adherence of Escherichia coli to sperm: a mannose mediated phenomenon leading to agglutination of sperm and E. Coli","volume":"60","author":"Wolff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0885","series-title":"Molecular Medical Microbiology","first-page":"753","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa","author":"Wu","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020592","article-title":"A multi-label classifier for predicting the subcellular localization of gram-negative bacterial proteins with both single and multiple sites","volume":"6","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1997.tb00319.x","article-title":"The correlation of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection with infertility","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3331-6","article-title":"Clonal diversity of Ureaplasma species and its relationship with oligozoospermia and semen quality in Chinese infertile males","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.009574","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis septicaemia with pyelonephritis, infective endocarditis and septic emboli in the kidney and brain of an adult male","volume":"21","author":"Yoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008334","article-title":"Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in semen of infertile and healthy men","volume":"20","author":"Zeighami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.15296\/ijwhr.2017.43","article-title":"The impact of bacterial infections on human spermatozoa","volume":"5","author":"Zeyad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health Reprod. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2018.01.010","article-title":"Relationships between bacteriospermia, DNA integrity, nuclear protamine alteration, sperm quality and ICSI outcome","volume":"18","author":"Zeyad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.04.014","article-title":"Effects of biovar I and biovar II of Ureaplasma urealyticum on sperm parameters, lipid peroxidation, and deoxyribonucleic acid damage in male infertility","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183_bib0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.09.004","article-title":"Ureaplasma spp. In male infertility and its relationship with semen quality and seminal plasma components","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037820301042?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037820301042?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:29:13Z","timestamp":1759033753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165037820301042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":186,"alternative-id":["S0165037820301042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bacterial infection of the male reproductive system causing infertility","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Reproductive Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103183","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103183"}}