{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T05:10:09Z","timestamp":1759036209163,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012689","name":"Sjaellands Universitetshospital Koge","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T16:26:00Z","timestamp":1614097560000},"page":"103294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Conventional microscopy versus digital image analysis for histopathologic evaluation of immune cells in the endometrium"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1347-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trine","family":"Hallager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malene Hviid","family":"Saxtorph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens Ole","family":"Eriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas Vauvert","family":"Hviid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Stephen","family":"Macklon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lise Grupe","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0386-RA","article-title":"The gold standard paradox in digital image analysis: manual versus automated scoring as ground truth","volume":"141","author":"Aeffner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.05.011","article-title":"Macrophage-specific nanotechnology-driven CD163 overexpression in human macrophages results in an M2 phenotype under inflammatory conditions","volume":"222","author":"Alvarado-Vazquez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2017-0013","article-title":"Bias in image analysis and its solution: unbiased stereology","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0020","first-page":"707","article-title":"Expression of class II MHC gene products by macrophages in human uteroplacental tissue","volume":"63","author":"Bulmer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137430","article-title":"Granulated lymphocytes in human endometrium: histochemical and immunohistochemical studies","volume":"6","author":"Bulmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.09.010","article-title":"Measurement of uterine natural killer cell percentage in the periimplantation endometrium from fertile women and women with recurrent reproductive failure: establishment of a reference range","volume":"217","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2011.04046.x","article-title":"Endometrial cell counts in recurrent miscarriage: a comparison of counting methods","volume":"59","author":"Drury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2012.12.002","article-title":"A rapid, reliable method for uNK cell density estimation","volume":"97","author":"Drury","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12259","article-title":"Characterization of uterine NK cells in women with infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss and associated endometriosis","volume":"72","author":"Giuliani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.02.022","article-title":"Local injury of the endometrium induces an inflammatory response that promotes successful implantation","volume":"94","author":"Gnainsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0395","article-title":"Biopsy-induced inflammatory conditions improve endometrial receptivity: the mechanism of action","volume":"149","author":"Gnainsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0060","first-page":"3","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of human decidual macrophages: Evidence for immunosuppressive phenotype","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0065","first-page":"66","article-title":"The immunocytochemical distribution of leukocytic subpopulations in human endometrium","volume":"127","author":"Kamat","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0070","first-page":"169","article-title":"Cd3\u2013 leukocytes present in the human uterus during early placentation: phenotypic and morphologic characterization of the Cd56++ population","volume":"1","author":"King","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0075","first-page":"78","article-title":"Endometrial immune markers are potential predictors of normal fertility and pregnancy after in vitro fertilization","author":"Kofod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2018.07.003","article-title":"Implications of uterine NK cells and regulatory T cells in the endometrium of infertile women","volume":"79","author":"Kofod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030305","article-title":"Human decidual natural killer cells are a unique NK cell subset with immunomodulatory potential","volume":"198","author":"Koopman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2008.00596.x","article-title":"Clinical implication of natural killer cells and reproduction","volume":"59","author":"Kwak-kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.04.290","article-title":"Standardisation of uterine natural killer (uNK) cell measurements in the endometrium of women with recurrent reproductive failure","volume":"116","author":"Lash","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12483","article-title":"The uterine immune profile may help women with repeated unexplained embryo implantation failure after in vitro fertilization","volume":"75","author":"L\u00e9d\u00e9e","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.06.007","article-title":"A new role for natural killer cells, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-18 in repeated implantation failure after in vitro fertilization","volume":"81","author":"L\u00e9d\u00e9e-Bataille","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.63","article-title":"Leukocyte driven-decidual angiogenesis in early pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Lima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.07.010","article-title":"The prognostic value of uNK cell count and histological dating in the mid-luteal phase of women with reproductive failure","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2012.05.001","article-title":"The observer and cycle-to-cycle variability in the measurement of uterine natural killer cells by immunohistochemistry","volume":"95","author":"Mariee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.11.030","article-title":"A critical analysis of the accuracy, reproducibility, and clinical utility of histologic endometrial dating in fertile women","volume":"81","author":"Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000627","article-title":"Testing the endometrium: is there enough evidence to justify clinical use?","volume":"32","author":"Rahmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e328361429b","article-title":"The distribution of immune cells and macrophages in the endometrium of women with recurrent reproductive failure. III: further observations and reference ranges","volume":"45","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh579","article-title":"ESHRE PGD Consortium \u201cBest practice guidelines for clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS)\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Thornhill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2010.07.001","article-title":"Uterine natural killer cells in peri-implantation endometrium from women with repeated implantation failure after IVF","volume":"87","author":"Tuckerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0708395","article-title":"Embryonic implantation: cytokines, adhesion molecules, and immune cells in establishing an implantation environment","volume":"85","author":"van Mourik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037821000243?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037821000243?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:28:03Z","timestamp":1759033683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165037821000243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0165037821000243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0378"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0165-0378"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Conventional microscopy versus digital image analysis for histopathologic evaluation of immune cells in the endometrium","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Reproductive Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103294","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103294"}}