{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T19:45:23Z","timestamp":1770493523069,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004695","name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T11:11:10Z","timestamp":1622891470000},"page":"103344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Covid-19 pandemic: Perspectives on management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Premjith","family":"Gathiram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jagidesa","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olive P.","family":"Khaliq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1080","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00215.2020","article-title":"Letter to the editor: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: an ally or a Trojan horse? Implications to SARS-CoV-2-related cardiovascular complications","volume":"318","author":"Abassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0010","first-page":"90","article-title":"Emerging prophylaxis strategies against COVID-19","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.26719\/2020.26.2.136","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: preparedness and readiness of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region","volume":"26","author":"Al-Mandhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1313","article-title":"Drugs and the renin-angiotensin system in covid-19","volume":"369","author":"Aronson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0025","series-title":"Mandated Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) Vaccination Predicts Flattened Curves for the Spread of COVID-19","author":"Berg","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0030","first-page":"3426","article-title":"Inositol and pulmonary function. Could myo-inositol treatment downregulate inflammation and cytokine release syndrome in SARS-CoV-2?","volume":"24","author":"Bizzarri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857","article-title":"Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Borba","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02862-1","article-title":"COVID-19 and the RAAS-a potential role for angiotensin II?","volume":"24","author":"Busse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101647","article-title":"Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: an evaluation of the evidence","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2035343","article-title":"Maintaining safety with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines","volume":"384","author":"Castells","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0060","series-title":"Different COVID-19 Vaccines [Online]","author":"Center for Disease Control (Cdc)","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0065","first-page":"372","article-title":"Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012\/1: matched cohort study","author":"Challen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24002","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19: cytometry and the new challenge for global health","volume":"97","author":"Cossarizza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00786","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function","volume":"417","author":"Crackower","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.002","article-title":"Arbidol combined with LPV\/r versus LPV\/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1735227","article-title":"COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Dhama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.5.e1","article-title":"A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9","volume":"87","author":"Donoghue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0105","article-title":"Covid-19: EMA defends AstraZeneca vaccine as Germany and Canada halt rollouts","author":"Dyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002450","article-title":"Can angiotensin receptor-blocking drugs perhaps be harmful in the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"38","author":"Esler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8","article-title":"Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1432","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1432","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19","volume":"369","author":"Ferner","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.9035","article-title":"Caution needed on the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"3","author":"Fihn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04570-z","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and anti-rheumatic drugs","volume":"40","author":"Georgiev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0140","article-title":"Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0150","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2162","article-title":"The emerging role of ACE2 in physiology and disease","volume":"212","author":"Hamming","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2403","article-title":"Delayed initiation of remdesivir in a COVID-19 positive patient","author":"Hillaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90268-9","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of mefloquine and qinghaosu","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198114","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine: a comprehensive status report","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01230-y","article-title":"Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3887571","article-title":"Qinghaosu (artemisinin): an antimalarial drug from China","volume":"228","author":"Klayman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105933","article-title":"Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"55","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070762","article-title":"Angiotensin II up-regulates angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), but down-regulates ACE2 via the AT1-ERK\/p38 MAP kinase pathway","volume":"172","author":"Koka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030781","article-title":"A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Ksiazek","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-4079(20)30836-8","article-title":"Trials of BCG vaccine will test for covid-19 protection","volume":"246","author":"Lawton","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-00695-2","article-title":"Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.01015","article-title":"Rapid review for the anti-coronavirus effect of remdesivir","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e79","article-title":"Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of COVID-19 infection in Korea: the application of Lopinavir\/Ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 infected pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR","volume":"35","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0235","article-title":"Covid-19: AstraZeneca vaccine is not linked to increased risk of blood clots, finds European Medicine Agency","author":"Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0240","article-title":"Covid-19: Where are we on vaccines and variants?","author":"Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0245","series-title":"Artemisia Annua to Be Tested Against Coronavirus","author":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0250","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis","author":"Mehra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0260","series-title":"Correlation Between Universal BCG Vaccination Policy and Reduced Morbidity and Mortality for COVID-19: An Epidemiological Study","author":"Miller","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6628","article-title":"Medicinal plants used in the treatment of Malaria: a key emphasis to Artemisia, Cinchona, cryptolepis, and Tabebuia genera","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101623","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101658","article-title":"Repurposing antimalarials and other drugs for COVID-19","author":"Schlagenhauf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-3110-z","volume":"35","author":"Stebbings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0285","series-title":"Emergence and Rapid Spread of a New Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Lineage with Multiple Spike Mutations in South Africa","author":"Tegally","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0290","unstructured":"The New York Times. Covid-19: Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Pause Is Another Hurdle For Europe. Last Updated April 14, 2021, 5:01 p.m. ETApril 14, 2021. Available from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/live\/2021\/04\/13\/world\/johnson-vaccine-blood-clots."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33238","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002615200","article-title":"A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase","volume":"275","author":"Tipnis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00298","article-title":"Subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0315","series-title":"Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection When COVID-19 Is Suspected","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0320","series-title":"Coronavirus","author":"World Health Organization=","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0325","series-title":"Rolling Updates on Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0330","series-title":"WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020 [Online]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0335","series-title":"Who Recommends Against the Use of Remdesivir in covid-19 Patients","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0340","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2020f. SARS-CoV-2 variants 2020 cited in April 2020.Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/31-december."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0345","series-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines [Online]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15143","article-title":"Effects of ARBs and ACEIs on virus infection, inflammatory status and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients with hypertension: a single center retrospective study","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0365","first-page":"3390","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00129","article-title":"Protein structure and sequence reanalysis of 2019-nCoV genome refutes snakes as its intermediate host and the unique similarity between its spike protein insertions and HIV-1","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.060","article-title":"Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir\/ritonavir in treating COVID-19","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."}],"container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037821000747?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037821000747?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:30:16Z","timestamp":1759033816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165037821000747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["S0165037821000747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Covid-19 pandemic: Perspectives on management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Reproductive Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103344","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103344"}}