{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T09:04:34Z","timestamp":1789203874274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T11:06:59Z","timestamp":1630926419000},"page":"103379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Trophoblast-derived interleukin 9 mediates immune cell conversion and contributes to maternal-fetal tolerance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2772-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongjie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2768","article-title":"Functional expression of IL-9 receptor by human neutrophils from asthmatic donors: role in IL-8 release","volume":"166","author":"Abdelilah","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3160","article-title":"Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring\u2019s health","volume":"19","author":"Arck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.09.001","article-title":"Menstrual cycle distribution of uterine natural killer cells is altered in heavy menstrual bleeding","volume":"112","author":"Biswas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2916","article-title":"Phenotypical and functional specialization of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"11","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1086\/505162","article-title":"Placental invasiveness mediates the evolution of hybrid inviability in mammals","volume":"168","author":"Elliot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0604-y","article-title":"Th9 cells in the pathogenesis of EAE and multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Elyaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.01.020","article-title":"Notch receptors and Smad3 signaling cooperate in the induction of interleukin-9-producing T cells","volume":"36","author":"Elyaman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13383","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles in the dialogue between placental and immune cells","volume":"85","author":"Favaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13304","article-title":"Embryonic extracellular vesicles as informers to the immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"198","author":"Giacomini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00128","article-title":"HLA-g orchestrates the early interaction of human trophoblasts with the maternal niche","volume":"6","author":"Gregori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1452","article-title":"Decidual NK cells regulate key developmental processes at the human fetal-maternal interface","volume":"12","author":"Hanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxw006","article-title":"CD4+ T-cell subsets in inflammatory diseases: beyond the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"28","author":"Hirahara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2367","article-title":"Human trophoblasts recruited T lymphocytes and monocytes into decidua by secretion of chemokine CXCL16 and interaction with CXCR6 in the first-trimester pregnancy","volume":"180","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/08820130802191334","article-title":"Role of dendritic cells in the regulation of maternal immune responses to the fetus during mammalian gestation","volume":"37","author":"Kammerer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0406250","article-title":"Expression of angiogenic growth factors by uterine natural killer cells during early pregnancy","volume":"80","author":"Lash","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11690.1","article-title":"Up-and-down immunity of pregnancy in humans","volume":"6","author":"Le Bouteiller","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.36","article-title":"Liaison between natural killer cells and dendritic cells in human gestation","volume":"11","author":"Leno-Duran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199807270-00022","article-title":"Differential expression of T-cell growth factors in rejecting murine islet and human renal allografts: conspicuous absence of interleukin (IL)-9 despite expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2017.07.004","article-title":"IL-9 and Th9 cells in health and diseases-From tolerance to immunopathology","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13406","article-title":"Decidual-derived RANKL facilitates macrophages accumulation and residence at the maternal-fetal interface in human early pregnancy","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.9.4562","article-title":"Synthesis of T helper 2-type cytokines at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"151","author":"Lin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey037","article-title":"Interleukin-34 is present at the fetal-maternal interface and induces immunoregulatory macrophages of a decidual phenotype in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Lindau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2011.02774.x","article-title":"Placental trophoblasts shifted Th1\/Th2 balance toward Th2 and inhibited Th17 immunity at fetomaternal interface","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.10.045","article-title":"The role of decidual immune cells on human pregnancy","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12484-z","article-title":"Human placental trophoblast cells contribute to maternal-fetal tolerance through expressing IL-35 and mediating iTR35 conversion","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.04.010","article-title":"Human placental trophoblasts express the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-35","volume":"74","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555414","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.555414","article-title":"Molecules and prostaglandins related to embryo tolerance","volume":"11","author":"Mayoral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2016.02.002","article-title":"IL-9 signaling as key driver of chronic inflammation in mucosal immunity","volume":"29","author":"Neurath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.23","article-title":"The CXCL12\/CXCR4 axis is involved in the maintenance of Th2 bias at the maternal\/fetal interface in early human pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Piao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2002.01104.x","article-title":"T-cell cytokines in pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Piccinni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3131","article-title":"Immune mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: perspectives and challenges","volume":"16","author":"PrabhuDas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2016.1105740","article-title":"Regulatory T-cells and preeclampsia: an overview of literature","volume":"12","author":"Rahimzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der395","article-title":"Trophoblast-derived chemokine CXCL12 promotes CXCR4 expression and invasion of human first-trimester decidual stromal cells","volume":"27","author":"Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0599-4","article-title":"TH9 cells in anti-tumor immunity","volume":"39","author":"Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3622","article-title":"Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles","volume":"14","author":"Robbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607539","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.607539","article-title":"Endocrine disruptor compounds-A cause of impaired immune tolerance driving inflammatory disorders of pregnancy?","volume":"12","author":"Schjenken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.10.004","article-title":"Th9 cells, new players in adaptive immunity","volume":"35","author":"Schmitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2010.02.004","article-title":"Interaction between HLA-G and monocyte\/macrophages in human pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Shakhawat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13223","article-title":"The role of CXC chemokine ligand 16 in physiological and pathological pregnancies","volume":"83","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(00)90185-4","article-title":"IL-9 and its receptor in allergic and nonallergic lung disease: increased expression in asthma","volume":"105","author":"Shimbara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5549","article-title":"Murine bone marrow-derived mast cells as potent producers of IL-9: costimulatory function of IL-10 and kit ligand in the presence of IL-1","volume":"164","author":"Stassen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/10641955.2020.1754852","article-title":"Decreased placental IL9 and IL9R in preeclampsia impair trophoblast cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0712327","article-title":"The importance of the macrophage within the human endometrium","volume":"93","author":"Thiruchelvam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00573","article-title":"New paradigm in the role of regulatory T cells during pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Tsuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.02.003","article-title":"Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles - functions and therapeutic applications","volume":"25","author":"Veerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms015","article-title":"Extravillous trophoblast and decidual natural killer cells: a remodelling partnership","volume":"18","author":"Wallace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.112","article-title":"PD-1 and Tim-3 pathways are associated with regulatory CD8+ T-cell function in decidua and maintenance of normal pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1400370","article-title":"Biological roles and potential applications of immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"6","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.1.61","article-title":"Human first-trimester trophoblast cells recruit CD56brightCD16- NK cells into decidua by way of expressing and secreting of CXCL12\/stromal cell-derived factor 1","volume":"175","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02317","article-title":"Dynamic function and composition changes of immune cells during normal and pathological pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20409","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20409","article-title":"Human monocytes undergo functional re-programming during differentiation to dendritic cell mediated by human extravillous trophoblasts","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037821001091?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037821001091?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:30:24Z","timestamp":1759033824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165037821001091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0165037821001091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trophoblast-derived interleukin 9 mediates immune cell conversion and contributes to maternal-fetal tolerance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Reproductive Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103379","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103379"}}