{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:03:38Z","timestamp":1790085818006,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:39:14Z","timestamp":1789882754000},"page":"104969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Comparative analysis of immunocontraceptive vaccines in wild animals: Modes of action, molecular targets, and immunological responses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Sivaranjani","family":"Adhimoolam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramachandran Loganathan Mohan","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nittu","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7468-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siva Ranjani","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh Kumar","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udhayan","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib1","unstructured":"A Rosenfield, P.H.. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. In Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Contraceptive Research and Development; 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18595","article-title":"Molecular Architecture of the Human Sperm IZUMO1 and Egg JUNO Fertilization Complex","volume":"534","author":"Aydin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201570","article-title":"Reimmunization Increases Contraceptive Effectiveness of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Vaccine (GonaCon-Equine) in Free-Ranging Horses (Equus caballus): Limitations and Side Effects","volume":"13","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(99)00063-7","article-title":"Possible Mechanisms of Mammalian Immunocontraception","volume":"46","author":"Barber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-10-63","article-title":"Non-Invasive Assessment of the Reproductive Cycle in Free-Ranging Female African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) Treated with a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Vaccine for Inducing Anoestrus","volume":"10","author":"Benavides Valades","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15594989","article-title":"Vaccines for Feline Contraception","volume":"17","author":"Benka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertschinger, H.J., L.I.. Use of Anti-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Vaccines in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana): A Review. Bothalia-African Biodiversity & Conservation 2018.","DOI":"10.4102\/abc.v48i2.2320"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrik J. Bertschinger, A.D.J.J.V.A. and J.F.K. Porcine Zona Pellucida Vaccine Immunocontraception of African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Cows: A Review of 22 Years of Research. African Biodiversity & Conservation 2018.","DOI":"10.4102\/abc.v48i2.2324"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0270.1","article-title":"Effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine on ovarian cyclicity and uterine morphology of an Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus","volume":"43","author":"Boedeker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1071\/WR07136","article-title":"The Use of a GnRH Vaccine to Suppress Mare Ovarian Activity in a Large Group of Mares under Field Conditions","volume":"35","author":"Botha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.2009.00107.x","article-title":"Reproductive Management in Captive and Wild Canids: Contraception Challenges","volume":"44","author":"BOUTELLE","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Zoo. Yearb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/npre.2008.1855.1","article-title":"Immunogenicity of Human Spermatozoa","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Preced."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib13","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Constr. a GnRH MRNA Immunocastration Vaccin. Eval. Immunogenicity Saf. Mice Cats"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.05.047","article-title":"Construction and in Vitro Characterisation of Virus-Vectored Immunocontraceptive Candidates Derived from Felid Alphaherpesvirus","author":"Cottingham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottingham, E., K.N, J.. Host-Specificity Assessment of Feline Alphaherpesvirus-1 Derived Immunocontraceptive Candidates in Non-Feline Models. Virol J 2026.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-03036-7"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.10081","article-title":"Immunocontraception of Captive Exotic Species. III. Contraception and Population Management of Fallow Deer ( Cervus Dama","volume":"22","author":"Deigert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zoo. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v78i1.282","article-title":"Implementing Immunocontraception in Free-Ranging African Elephants at Makalali Conservancy","author":"Delsink","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib18","article-title":"Regulation of a Small, Discrete African Elephant Population through Immunocontraception in the Makalali Conservancy, Limpopo, South Africa","author":"Delsink","year":"2006","journal-title":"South. Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/WR22165","article-title":"Immunocontraception of the Female African Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana) in South Africa: From Pipe Dream to Policy","volume":"51","author":"Delsink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib20","article-title":"How Far from a Hormone-Based Contraceptive Vaccine?","author":"Delves","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.09.035","article-title":"A Conserved Fertilization Complex Bridges Sperm and Egg in Vertebrates","volume":"187","author":"Deneke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domagala, A., & K.M. Identification of Sperm Immunoreactive Antigens for Immunocontraceptive Purposes: A Review. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2004.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-11"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.79102524x","article-title":"Vaccination of Boars with a GnRH Vaccine (Improvac) Eliminates Boar Taint and Increases Growth Performance","volume":"79","author":"Dunshea","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00176-4","article-title":"Contraceptive Potential of the Porcine Zona Pellucida Vaccine in the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)","volume":"52","author":"Fayrer-Hosken","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/35025136","article-title":"Immunocontraception of African Elephants","volume":"407","author":"Fayrer-Hosken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10121999","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Native and Recombinant Zona Pellucida Immunocontraceptive Vaccines Formulated with Non-Freund\u2019s Adjuvants in Donkeys","volume":"10","author":"French","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccin. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib27","article-title":"Advances in Contraceptive Vaccine Development: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccin. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.32","article-title":"Efficacy of GnRH Immunocontraception of Wild White-tailed Deer in New Jersey","volume":"35","author":"Gionfriddo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00438-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the Immunocontraceptive Potential of Escherichia coli Expressed Recombinant Non-Human Primate Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins in Homologous Animal Model","volume":"21","author":"Govind","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1120070402","article-title":"Active Immunization of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with Porcine Zonae Pellucidae","volume":"7","author":"Gulyas","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gamete Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2741\/s492","article-title":"V.M. Wildlife Population Management: Are Contraceptive Vaccines a Feasible Proposition?","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13535","article-title":"Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins: Relevance in Fertility and Development of Contraceptive Vaccines","volume":"89","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-009-0042-9","article-title":"Vaccines for Immunological Control of Fertility","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2994\/SAJH-D-22-00033.1","article-title":"Effect of Vaccination Against GnRH on Reproductive Hormone Concentrations and Behavior in Captive Morelet\u2019s Crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii)","volume":"38","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Cervantes","year":"2026","journal-title":"South. Am. J. Herpetol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therwi.2026.100156","article-title":"Preliminary Investigation: Down-Regulation of Testosterone by an Anti-GnRH Immunotherapeutic (Improvest\u00ae) in a Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum Simum) Bull","volume":"8","author":"Hammond","year":"2026","journal-title":"Theriogenology Wild"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5040398","article-title":"Is Wildlife Fertility Control Always Humane?","volume":"5","author":"Hampton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1638\/03-082","article-title":"EFFECTS OF PORCINE ZONA PELLUCIDA IMMUNOCONTRACEPTIVES IN ZOO FELIDS","volume":"35","author":"Harrenstien","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5686\/jjzwm.30.41","article-title":"Effect of Immunocastration Using a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Vaccine on Mounting Behaviour of Group-Housed Male Domestic Quail(<I>Coturnix japonica Domestica<\/I>)","volume":"30","author":"HOSHINO","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.027","article-title":"Contraception for Population Control in Exotic Carnivores","volume":"66","author":"Jewgenow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-026-01474-0","article-title":"Advances and Future Applications of Immunocastration Techniques: A Comprehensive Review","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.59.1.349","article-title":"REGULATION OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE ATRESIA","volume":"59","author":"Kaipia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01003.x","article-title":"Contraceptive Vaccines for Wildlife: A Review","volume":"66","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib43","article-title":"Contraception in Nondomestic Animals","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.06.257","article-title":"The Practical Side of Immunocontraception: Zona Proteins and Wildlife","volume":"83","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1071\/WR07106","article-title":"Achieving Population Goals in a Long-Lived Wildlife Species (Equus caballus) with Contraception","volume":"35","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430140503","article-title":"Immunocontraception of Captive Exotic Species. I. Przewalski\u2019s Horses ( Equus przewalskii) and Banteng ( Bos javanicus","volume":"14","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zoo. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.146369","article-title":"Immunocontraceptives: How Far from Reality?","volume":"3","author":"Lekhwani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1080107","article-title":"Testosterone Secretion, Musth Behaviour and Social Dominance in Captive Male Asian Elephants Living near the Equator","volume":"108","author":"Lincoln","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0850019","article-title":"Contraception in Mares Heteroimmunized with Pig Zonae Pellucidae","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14020184","article-title":"Immunization Against a Conserved Short 13-Amino Acid Receptor-Binding Epitope of FSH\u03b2 Reduces Spermatogenesis and Sperm Motility in Male Mice","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vaccin. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0233R.1","article-title":"SUPRESSION OF TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN A MALE ASIAN ELEPHANT (Elephas maximus) TREATED WITH GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE VACCINES","author":"Lueders","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178270","article-title":"Effects of GnRH Vaccination in Wild and Captive African Elephant Bulls (Loxodonta africana) on Reproductive Organs and Semen Quality","volume":"12","author":"Lueders","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1638\/04104.1","article-title":"A COMPARISON OF FREUND\u2019S COMPLETE AND FREUND\u2019S MODIFIED ADJUVANTS USED WITH A CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINE IN WILD HORSES (Equus caballus)","volume":"36","author":"Lyda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030428","article-title":"Fertility Control for Wildlife: A European Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Massei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/WR13141","article-title":"Fertility Control to Mitigate Human\u2013Wildlife Conflicts: A Review","volume":"41","author":"Massei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03781","article-title":"Effect of Vaccination with a Novel GnRH-Based Immunocontraceptive on Immune Responses and Fertility in Rats","volume":"6","author":"Massei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.04.004","article-title":"Is There a Role for Immunocontraception?","volume":"335","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00165-6","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of PZP Immunization on Reproduction in White-Tailed Deer","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01349.x","article-title":"Vaccine for Contraception Targeting Sperm","author":"Naz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12431","article-title":"Immunocontraception for Animals: Current Status and Future Perspective","volume":"75","author":"Naz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.028","article-title":"The Structure of Sperm Izumo1 Reveals Unexpected Similarities with Plasmodium Invasion Proteins","volume":"26","author":"Nishimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.128069","article-title":"Immune Response to Co-Administration of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and Contraceptive Vaccines in Badgers (Meles meles)","volume":"71","author":"Palphramand","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/5.4.342","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of a ZP3 Peptide Vaccine in a Homologous Primate Model","volume":"5","author":"Paterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(01)00105-X","article-title":"The Contraceptive Potential of ZP3 and ZP3 Peptides in a Primate Model","volume":"53","author":"Paterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0019.1","article-title":"EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANTAGONIST DEGARELIX ON MUSTH AND SERUM TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS ( Elephas maximus)","volume":"49","author":"Pathirana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272604","article-title":"Long-Term Effect of a GnRH-Based immunocontraceptive on feral cattle in Hong Kong","volume":"17","author":"Pinkham","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-ar2025-0142","article-title":"Sustained Multi-Year Contraceptive Efficacy of Single-Dose GonaCon in Synanthropic Female Capybaras","volume":"23","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233550","article-title":"Effects of Porcine Zona Pellucida Immunocontraception on Mare Body Condition and Foaling Season Length in Two Western Wild Horse Populations","volume":"14","author":"Rutberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170911160426","article-title":"Immunocontraception: Filamentous Bacteriophage as a Platform for Vaccine Development","volume":"24","author":"Samoylova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00164-9","article-title":"Immunocontraceptive Potential of a GnRH Receptor-Based Fusion Recombinant Protein","volume":"19","author":"Sandam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010096","article-title":"Immunocontraceptive Efficacy of Native Porcine Zona Pellucida (PZP) Treatment of Nevada\u2019s Virginia Range Free-Roaming Horse Population","volume":"12","author":"Schulman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccin. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21651","article-title":"Immunocontraception of Male and Female Giraffes Using the GnRH Vaccine Improvac\u00ae","volume":"41","author":"Schwarzenberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoo. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127092","article-title":"Evaluation of Novel Single-Dose Vaccine Candidates against Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in Mice","volume":"53","author":"Shalash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib74","article-title":"M.A.S.N.A.G.J.A.H.B.L.L. Use of Porcine Zona Pellucida (PZP) Vaccine as a Contraceptive Agent in Free-Ranging Tule Elk (Cervus elaphus Nannodes)","author":"Shideler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Fertil. Control. Wildl. Proc. Fifth Int. Symp Fertil. Control. Wildl. held Skukuza Kruger Natl. Park."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/WR22135","article-title":"Treatment with the Immunocontraceptive Vaccine, GonaCon, Induces Temporary Fertility Control in Free-Ranging Prairie Dog Populations in Colorado, USA","volume":"51","author":"Shiels","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1071\/RD14280","article-title":"Prospects for Immunocontraception in Feral Horse Population Control: Exploring Novel Targets for an Equine Fertility Vaccine","volume":"28","author":"Swegen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(89)90043-1","article-title":"Anti-Fertility Vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Talwar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/10.suppl_2.132","article-title":"Targeting the Zona Pellucida for Immunocontraception: A Minireview","volume":"10","author":"Tesarik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103779","article-title":"Major Locus on ECA18 Influences Effectiveness of GonaCon Vaccine in Feral Horses","volume":"155","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2307\/3808803","article-title":"Remotely Delivered Immunocontraception in Captive White-Tailed Deer","volume":"56","author":"Turner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-025-01988-3","article-title":"One-Time Administration of the SpayVac \u00ae Vaccine Prevents Pregnancy in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Temperate Forest Ecosystem","volume":"71","author":"Velling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.007849","article-title":"Construction of the Plasmid PCMV4-RZPC\u2032 DNA Vaccine and Analysis of Its Contraceptive Potential1","volume":"68","author":"Xiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12485","article-title":"Vaccination with an epitope peptide of IZUMO1 to induce contraception in female Mice","volume":"75","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037826001385?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165037826001385?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:28:40Z","timestamp":1790083720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165037826001385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["S0165037826001385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparative analysis of immunocontraceptive vaccines in wild animals: Modes of action, molecular targets, and immunological responses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Reproductive Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2026.104969","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104969"}}