{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:26:37Z","timestamp":1778617597490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":131,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003032","name":"ANRT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSAMS Plus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T10:43:40Z","timestamp":1686134620000},"page":"100028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Head acceleration during impacts on snow: evaluation of a ski helmet"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bailly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Donnadieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Jean","family":"Arnoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2007.017285","article-title":"An international review of head and spinal cord injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding","volume":"13","author":"Ackery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091080","article-title":"The effect of helmets on the risk of head and neck injuries among skiers and snowboarders: a meta-analysis","volume":"182","author":"Russell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200210000-00013","article-title":"An analysis of head injuries among skiers and snowboarders","volume":"53","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib4","unstructured":"M\u00e9decins de Montagne, association des m\u00e9decins de station de sport d\u2019hiver. Available at: http:\/\/www.mdem.org\/france\/INDEX\/index\/Mededin-de-montagne.html. Accessed March 27, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib5","series-title":"Role of helmets in mitigation of head injuries: epidemiologic study of head injuries to skiers","author":"Shealy","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2017.11.007","article-title":"Effect of helmet use on traumatic brain injuries and other head injuries in alpine sport","volume":"29","author":"Bailly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.01.011","article-title":"Skiing and snowboarding head injury: a retrospective centre-based study and implications for helmet test standards","volume":"73","author":"Stuart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Biomech Bristol Avon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12642","article-title":"Head injury trends and helmet use in skiers and snowboarders in Western Canada, 2008\u20132009 to 2012\u20132013: an ecological study","volume":"27","author":"Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib9","first-page":"S377","article-title":"Peak acceleration during impact with helmet materials: effects of impactor mass and speed","volume":"14","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib10","series-title":"EN 1077: 2007 Helmets for alpine skiers and snowboarders","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib11","series-title":"Specification for helmets used for recreational snow sports","year":"2011"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001701","article-title":"Numerical reconstruction of traumatic brain injury in skiing and snowboarding","volume":"50","author":"Bailly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001078","article-title":"Analysis of injury mechanisms in head injuries in skiers and snowboarders","volume":"49","author":"Bailly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib14","article-title":"Head impact velocities in FIS World Cup snowboarders and freestyle skiers: do real-life impacts exceed helmet testing standards?","author":"Steenstrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12699","article-title":"Head impact in a snowboarding accident","volume":"27","author":"Bailly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib16","article-title":"Head injury in snowboarding: evaluating the protective role of helmets","volume":"3","author":"Scher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0ASTM Int JAI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib17","series-title":"Head and Neck Injury Potential With and Without Helmets During Head-First Impacts on Snow","first-page":"235","author":"Dressler","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib18","article-title":"Reconstruction of head impacts in FIS World Cup alpine skiing","author":"Steenstrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib19","first-page":"101406","article-title":"Head kinematics during experimental snowboard falls: implications for snow helmet standards","volume":"5","author":"Richards","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0ASTM Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib20","series-title":"BS EN 960:2006 Headforms for use in the testing of protective helmets","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib21","series-title":"The international classification for seasonal snow on the ground","author":"Fierz","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02000325","article-title":"Die Festigkeitseigenschaften der Schneedecke und ihre Messung","volume":"18","author":"de Quervain","year":"1950","journal-title":"Geofis Pura E Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib23","first-page":"542","article-title":"Mechanisms of snowboarding-related severe head injury: shear strain induced by the opposite-edge phenomenon","volume":"97","author":"Nakaguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib24","first-page":"625","article-title":"Biomechanical and scaling basis for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values","volume":"60","author":"Mertz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib25","series-title":"Development of improved injury criteria for the assessment of advanced automotive restraint systems","author":"Kleinberger","year":"1998"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0322-5","article-title":"Development of the STAR evaluation system for football helmets: integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion","volume":"39","author":"Rowson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1278-7","article-title":"Hockey STAR: a methodology for assessing the biomechanical performance of Hockey helmets","volume":"43","author":"Rowson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1691446","article-title":"A\u00a0proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib29","first-page":"28","article-title":"A\u00a0new biomechanical assessment of mild traumatic brain injury. Part 2: results and conclusions","author":"Newman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Int Res Counc Biomech Inj Conf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib30","article-title":"Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration","volume":"12","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. IRCOBI Conf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000083559.68424.3F","article-title":"Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries","volume":"53","author":"Pellman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005078","article-title":"The biomechanics of concussion in unhelmeted football players in Australia: a case\u2013control study","volume":"4","author":"McIntosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib33","series-title":"Trauma Saf, 100","first-page":"91","article-title":"Pediatric Head and Neck Injuries in Snow Sports: Evaluating the Influence of Helmets","author":"Scher","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.02.016","article-title":"Bicycle helmets are highly effective at preventing head injury during head impact: head-form accelerations and injury criteria for helmeted and unhelmeted impacts","volume":"70","author":"Cripton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib36","first-page":"185","article-title":"Fit effect of motorcycle helmet","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"JSME Int J Ser Solid Mech Mater Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13342","article-title":"Spinal injury analysis for typical snowboarding backward falls","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei W., Evin M., Bailly N., Arnoux P.-J. Biomechanical evaluation of back injuries during typical snowboarding backward falls. Scand J Med Sci Sports n\/a(n\/a. doi:10.1111\/sms.14254.","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14254"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.05.015","article-title":"Feasibility of using a novel instrumented human head surrogate to measure helmet, head and brain kinematics and intracranial pressure during multidirectional impact tests","volume":"22","author":"Petrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000318162.67472.ad","article-title":"Head impact severity measures for evaluating mild traumatic brain injury risk exposure","volume":"62","author":"Greenwald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0731-0","article-title":"Brain injury prediction: assessing the combined probability of concussion using linear and rotational head acceleration","volume":"41","author":"Rowson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"}],"container-title":["JSAMS Plus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772696723000091?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772696723000091?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:10:55Z","timestamp":1762647055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772696723000091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S2772696723000091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-6967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-6967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Head acceleration during impacts on snow: evaluation of a ski helmet","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSAMS Plus","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsampl.2023.100028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Sports Medicine Australia.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100028"}}