{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:15:58Z","timestamp":1790914558057,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,3]],"date-time":"2008-12-03T20:58:55Z","timestamp":1228337935000},"page":"614-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Epidemiology of injuries in competition taekwondo: A meta-analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Reidar P.","family":"Lystad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra L.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib1","series-title":"Taekwondo textbook","first-page":"68","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600418","article-title":"Martial arts injuries: the results of a five year national survey","volume":"16","author":"Birrer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib3","first-page":"214","article-title":"Trends in sports injuries, 1982\u20131988: an in-depth study on four types of sport","volume":"32","author":"Tenvergert","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.32.3.220","article-title":"Sport and active recreation injuries in Australia: evidence from emergency department presentations","volume":"32","author":"Finch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(18)30214-6","article-title":"Martial arts","volume":"10","author":"Buschbacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.06.016","article-title":"Pediatric martial arts injuries presenting to Emergency Departments, United States 1990\u20132003","volume":"10","author":"Yard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1982.11947249","article-title":"Martial arts injuries","volume":"10","author":"Birrer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199102000-00017","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in the martial arts: a warning","volume":"31","author":"Oler","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.010322","article-title":"Injuries in martial arts: a comparison of five styles","volume":"39","author":"Zetaruk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.401","article-title":"Effect of implementation of safety measures in Tae Kwon Do competition","volume":"37","author":"Burke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.20.4.165","article-title":"Injuries in taekwondo","volume":"20","author":"Siana","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.29.4.258","article-title":"Precompetition injury and subsequent tournament performance in full-contact taekwondo","volume":"29","author":"Feehan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-6-26","article-title":"Pre-competition habits and injuries in Taekwondo athletes","volume":"6","author":"Kazemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib14","first-page":"7","article-title":"Head and neck injuries in adult taekwondo athletes","volume":"2","author":"Pieter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coaching Sport Sci J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib15","first-page":"45","article-title":"Taekwondo techniques and competition characteristics involved in time-loss injuries","volume":"6","author":"Beis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib16","first-page":"147","article-title":"Head and neck injuries in young taekwondo athletes","volume":"39","author":"Pieter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050410001719907","article-title":"Video analysis of head blows leading to concussion in competition taekwondo","volume":"18","author":"Koh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000084283","article-title":"Martial arts injuries","volume":"48","author":"Pieter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sport Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905031000088869","article-title":"Incidence of concussion in contact sports: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"17","author":"Koh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym018","article-title":"Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: a systematic review and annotated bibliography","volume":"36","author":"Sanderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib23","first-page":"130","article-title":"Taekwondo competition injuries in Greek young and adult athletes","volume":"23","author":"Beis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Sports Traumatol Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1981.11711013","article-title":"Injuries in Tae Kwon Do","volume":"9","author":"Birrer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.17.2.131","article-title":"Unreported injuries in the martial arts","volume":"17","author":"Birrer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Martial arts injuries: their spectrum and management","volume":"6","author":"Birrer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sports Med Dig"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602406S21","article-title":"Trauma epidemiology in the martial arts: the results of an eighteen-year international survey","volume":"24","author":"Birrer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2007.10597965","article-title":"Managing risk in martial arts instruction","volume":"78","author":"Connaughton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Recreation Dance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib29","first-page":"22, 25","article-title":"Martial arts injuries and the chiropractor","volume":"6","author":"Copeland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chiropract J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib30","first-page":"348","article-title":"Video analysis of blows to the head and face at the 1999 World Taekwondo Championships","volume":"42","author":"Koh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200403000-00004","article-title":"Incidence study of head blows and concussions in competition taekwondo","volume":"14","author":"Koh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib32","first-page":"3371","article-title":"Injuries sustained in the world championship in the sport Taekwondo","volume":"146","author":"Kryger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib33","first-page":"73","article-title":"The Oregon Taekwondo Research Project: results and recommendations","volume":"1","author":"Pieter","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Asian Martial Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199707000-00020","article-title":"Injury rates in children participating in taekwondo competition","volume":"43","author":"Pieter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib35","series-title":"Fifth IOC world congress on sport sciences","first-page":"227","article-title":"Competition injuries in adult American taekwondo athletes","author":"Pieter","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib36","first-page":"31","article-title":"Time-loss injuries in junior Olympic taekwondo athletes","volume":"3","author":"Pieter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sports Exercise Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib37","series-title":"Fourth IOC world congress on sport sciences","first-page":"117","article-title":"Competition injuries in Olympic taekwondo","author":"Pieter","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib38","first-page":"22","article-title":"Competition injuries in Olympic taekwondo","volume":"30","author":"Pieter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/146642409811800512","article-title":"Incidence of reported cerebral concussion in adult taekwondo athletes","volume":"118","author":"Pieter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J R Soc Health"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200205001-01764","article-title":"Injuries in young taekwondo athletes","volume":"34","author":"Pieter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib41","series-title":"1st international symposium for taekwondo studies","first-page":"197","article-title":"Injuries in young Canadian taekwondo athletes","author":"Pieter","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib42","first-page":"470","article-title":"Contact sport concussion incidence","volume":"41","author":"Tommasone","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.1997.97.4.221","article-title":"Martial arts injuries","volume":"97","author":"Wilkerson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.11.004","article-title":"Neurologic injuries in boxing and other combat sports","volume":"26","author":"Zazryn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.23.3.161","article-title":"Injury rates during the 1988 US Olympic Team Trials for taekwondo","volume":"23","author":"Zemper","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib46","series-title":"First IOC world congress on sport sciences","first-page":"219","article-title":"Injury rates in junior and senior national taekwondo competition","author":"Zemper","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib47","first-page":"S130","article-title":"Two-year prospective study of injury rates in national taekwondo competition","volume":"22","author":"Zemper E.D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-5-22","article-title":"Injuries at a Canadian National Taekwondo Championships: a prospective study","volume":"5","author":"Kazemi","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib49","first-page":"33","article-title":"Injuries at the 14th World Taekwondo Championships in 1999","volume":"13","author":"Koh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Appl Sports Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib50","first-page":"32","article-title":"Injury surveillance in taekwondo and judo during physiotherapy coverage of the seventh All Aftrica Games","volume":"57","author":"Phillips","year":"2001","journal-title":"South Africa J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Injury situation and injury mechanism at the 1993 European Taekwondo Cup","volume":"28","author":"Pieter","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hum Movem Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib52","first-page":"50","article-title":"Injury surveillance at a national multi-sport event","volume":"28","author":"Cunningham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib53","first-page":"49","article-title":"Injuries at the 1991 Taekwondo World Championships","volume":"16","author":"Pieter","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Sports Traumatol Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib54","first-page":"9","article-title":"Martial-art injuries at a major Midwest tournament: results of a cumulative two-year study and a comparison with other recent studies","volume":"3","author":"Sherrill","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Osteo Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib55","first-page":"311","article-title":"Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives","volume":"42","author":"Hootman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199214020-00002","article-title":"Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries: a review of concepts","volume":"14","author":"van Mechelen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199724030-00002","article-title":"An overview of some definitional issues for sports injury surveillance","volume":"24","author":"Finch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.2.133","article-title":"Sports injury incidence","volume":"34","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737030-00005","article-title":"Injury surveillance in young athletes: a clinician's guide to sports injury literature","volume":"37","author":"Goldberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.025270","article-title":"Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries","volume":"40","author":"Fuller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31803220b3","article-title":"Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures for studies of injuries in rugby union","volume":"17","author":"Fuller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.017517","article-title":"Classifying sports medicine diagnoses: a comparison of the International classification of diseases 10-Australian modification (ICD-10-AM) and the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS-8)","volume":"39","author":"Rae","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318057518f","article-title":"The sport medicine diagnostic coding system","volume":"17","author":"Meeuwisse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318059b536","article-title":"The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10","volume":"17","author":"Rae","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1440244008002004?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1440244008002004?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T23:44:09Z","timestamp":1557963849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1440244008002004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1440244008002004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1440-2440"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1440-2440","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}}}