{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:00:55Z","timestamp":1788958855478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofsubstanceabusetreatment.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,8]],"date-time":"2011-07-08T20:37:27Z","timestamp":1310157447000},"page":"354-362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Delay discounting, impulsiveness, and addiction severity in opioid-dependent patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Elias","family":"Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Emma","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pippa M.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald E.","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1974.21-485","article-title":"Impulse control in pigeons","volume":"21","author":"Ainslie","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076860","article-title":"Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control","volume":"82","author":"Ainslie","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.019","article-title":"Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking","volume":"103","author":"Audrain-McGovern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.18.1.152","article-title":"Impaired decision making related to working memory deficits in individuals with substance addictions","volume":"18","author":"Bechara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100148","article-title":"Understanding addiction as a pathology of temporal horizon","volume":"7","author":"Bickel","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Behavior Analyst Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005490","article-title":"Impulsiveness and cigarette smoking: Delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers","volume":"146","author":"Bickel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.017","article-title":"Remember the future: Working memory training decreases delay discounting among stimulant addicts","volume":"69","author":"Bickel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.08.014","article-title":"A money management-based substance use treatment increases valuation of future rewards","volume":"36","author":"Black","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(98)00057-5","article-title":"Addiction and discounting","volume":"18","author":"Bretteville-Jensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.15.1.4","article-title":"Initial validation of a computer-administered Addiction Severity Index: The ASI-MV","volume":"15","author":"Butler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22\u221231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x","article-title":"Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes","volume":"14","author":"de Wit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.06.026","article-title":"IQ and nonplanning impulsiveness are independently associated with delay discounting in middle-aged adults","volume":"42","author":"de Wit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0070","series-title":"Eysenck Personality Inventory","author":"Eysenck","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0075","series-title":"The impulsive client","first-page":"141","article-title":"The I7: Development of a measure of impulsiveness and its relationship to the superfactors of personality","author":"Eysenck","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(85)90011-X","article-title":"Age norms for impulsiveness, venturesomeness and empathy in adults","volume":"6","author":"Eysenck","year":"1985","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.5.769","article-title":"A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards","volume":"130","author":"Green","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.09.005","article-title":"Delay discounting in currently using and currently abstinent cocaine-dependent outpatients and non-drug-using matched controls","volume":"31","author":"Heil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0100","first-page":"298","article-title":"Impulsive decision making and working memory","volume":"29","author":"Hinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2002.77-129","article-title":"Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting","volume":"77","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018333","article-title":"Delay discounting in current and former marijuana-dependent individuals","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016414","article-title":"An additive-utility model of delay discounting","volume":"116","author":"Killeen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x","article-title":"Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls","volume":"99","author":"Kirby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.128.1.78","article-title":"Heroin addicts have discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls","volume":"128","author":"Kirby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.006","article-title":"Behavioral impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in a smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers","volume":"88","author":"Krishnan-Sarin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.020","article-title":"Delayed reward discounting predicts treatment response for heavy drinkers receiving smoking cessation treatment","volume":"104","author":"MacKillop","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.11.2.139","article-title":"Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards","volume":"11","author":"Madden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.5.3.256","article-title":"Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants: Drug and monetary rewards","volume":"5","author":"Madden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0155","series-title":"Quantitative analysis of behavior: Vol. 5. The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value","first-page":"57","article-title":"An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement","author":"Mazur","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2008.12.017","article-title":"A comparison of four models of delay discounting in humans","volume":"81","author":"McKerchar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198507000-00005","article-title":"New data from the Adiction Severity Index: Reliability and validity in three centers","volume":"173","author":"McLellan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0170","series-title":"Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting","article-title":"Delay discounting: State and trait variable","author":"Odum","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000638","article-title":"Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls","volume":"154","author":"Petry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00010-1","article-title":"Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems","volume":"56","author":"Petry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1173-0","article-title":"The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse","volume":"200","author":"Perry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1972.17-15","article-title":"Commitment, choice and self-control","volume":"17","author":"Rachlin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1991.55-233","article-title":"Subjective probability and delay","volume":"55","author":"Rachlin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3280115f99","article-title":"A review of delay-discounting research with humans: Relations to drug use and gambling","volume":"17","author":"Reynolds","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioral Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.015","article-title":"Delay discounting by the children of smokers and nonsmokers","volume":"99","author":"Reynolds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(03)00109-8","article-title":"Delay discounting and probability discounting as related to cigarette smoking status in adults","volume":"65","author":"Reynolds","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(04)00140-8","article-title":"Measuring state changes in human delay discounting: An experiential discounting task","volume":"67","author":"Reynolds","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1999.71-121","article-title":"Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: Effect of alcohol","volume":"71","author":"Richards","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0290","first-page":"p. S133","article-title":"A computer program to estimate delay-discounting rate in humans","volume":"63(Sup. 1)","author":"Robles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.22201\/fesi.20070780.2010.2.1.20422","article-title":"Delay and loss of subjective value","volume":"2","author":"Robles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior, Health, and Social Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2007.02.014","article-title":"Parameters of delay discounting assessment tasks: order of presentation","volume":"75","author":"Robles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.95341912.x","article-title":"Consistency of self-administered and interview-based Addiction Severity Index composite scores","volume":"95","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2007.09.004","article-title":"Delay discounting and intelligence: A meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Shamosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.10.3.248","article-title":"Predicting natural resolution of alcohol-related problems: A prospective behavioral economic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Tucker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.2.317","article-title":"Significance of a behavioral economic index of reward value in predicting drinking problem resolution","volume":"74","author":"Tucker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014968","article-title":"A behavioral economic reward index predicts drinking resolutions: Moderation revisited and compared with other outcomes","volume":"77","author":"Tucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0255","article-title":"The effect of time constraints on the area under the curve using a delay discounting task","author":"Upton","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.6.3.292","article-title":"Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers","volume":"6","author":"Vuchinich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0265","series-title":"Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting","article-title":"Delay discounting and substance abuse","author":"Yi","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.15.2.186","article-title":"Delay discounting predicts postpartum relapse to cigarette smoking among pregnant women","volume":"15","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0275","series-title":"Shipley Institute of Living Scale: Revised manual","author":"Zachary","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198507)41:4<532::AID-JCLP2270410414>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Estimating WAIS-R IQ from the Shipley Institute of Living Scale","volume":"41","author":"Zachary","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547211001073?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547211001073?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T19:36:22Z","timestamp":1760038582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740547211001073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0740547211001073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-5472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-5472","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Delay discounting, impulsiveness, and addiction severity in opioid-dependent patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}