{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:21:25Z","timestamp":1788258085103,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofsubstanceabusetreatment.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]],"date-time":"2012-02-14T07:47:18Z","timestamp":1329205638000},"page":"313-321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Skin and needle hygiene intervention for injection drug users: Results from a randomized, controlled Stage I pilot trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Kristina T.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen F.","family":"Corsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01596-07","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among injection drug users: Six years later","volume":"46","author":"Al-Rawahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00159-4","article-title":"Targeting HIV-related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: A randomized clinical trial of a harm reduction group therapy","volume":"26","author":"Avants","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-004-3106-0","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections in injection drug users: Risk factors and prevention strategies","volume":"32","author":"Bassetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1086\/313703","article-title":"High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco","volume":"30","author":"Binswanger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1998.10399702","article-title":"Effectiveness of HIV AIDS interventions on drug use and needle risk behaviors for out-of-treatment injection drug users","volume":"30","author":"Booth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971918698","article-title":"Bacterial infections in HIV: The extent and nature of the problem","volume":"5","author":"Brettle","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of STD & AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.05.004","article-title":"Choosing a control group in effectiveness trials of behavioral drug abuse treatments","volume":"37","author":"Brigham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0040","series-title":"Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis\u2014United States, 2007. Vol. 58, SS-3. Surveillance Summaries, MMWR 2009","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0045","volume":"Vol. 20","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.11.1538","article-title":"Risk factors for HIV-1 seroconversion among injection drug users: A case control study","volume":"85","author":"Chitwood","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120025125","article-title":"Explaining the geographical variation of HIV among injection drug users in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0060","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9540-3","article-title":"Pilot trial of an intervention aimed at modifying drug preparation practices among injection drug users in Puerto Rico","volume":"13","author":"Colon","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.04.002","article-title":"Behavioral HIV risk reduction among people who inject drugs: Meta-analytic evidence of efficacy","volume":"31","author":"Copenhaver","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00017-X","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users","volume":"16","author":"Ebright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.111.3.455","article-title":"Changing AIDS-risk behavior","volume":"11","author":"Fisher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1086\/598641","article-title":"Self-reported bacterial infections among women with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"29","author":"Flanigan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000243120.67529.78","article-title":"Incidence of, risk factors for, clinical presentation, and 1-year outcomes of infective endocarditis in an urban HIV cohort","volume":"43","author":"Gebo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042823","article-title":"Bacterial infections in drug users","volume":"353","author":"Gordon","year":"2005","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(00)00104-5","article-title":"Reduced injection frequency and increased entry and retention in drug treatment associated with needle-exchange participation in Seattle drug injectors","volume":"19","author":"Hagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1086\/649783","article-title":"Attribution of Hepatitis C virus seroconversion risk in young injection drug users in 5 US cities","volume":"201","author":"Hagan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.1.42","article-title":"Sharing of drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C","volume":"91","author":"Hagan","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198905000-00002","article-title":"Evaluation of needle exchange in central London: Behaviour change and anti-HIV status over one year","volume":"3","author":"Hart","year":"1989","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318183ac84","article-title":"HIV seropositivity predicts longer duration of stay and rehospitalization among nonbacteremic febrile injection drug users with skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"49","author":"Hsieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318050d260","article-title":"Needle exchange and injection-related risk behaviors in Chicago: A longitudinal study","volume":"45","author":"Huo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00016-8","article-title":"Bone and joint infections in injection drug users","volume":"16","author":"Kak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.027540-0","article-title":"Shooting up: The interface of microbial infections and drug abuse","volume":"60","author":"Kaushik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-8","article-title":"Lessons learned from a peri-urban needle exchange","volume":"7","author":"Knittel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.5.484","article-title":"Caution regarding the use of pilot studies to guide power calculations for study proposals","volume":"63","author":"Kraemer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.11.019","article-title":"The efficacy of a network intervention to reduce HIV risk behaviors among drug users and risk partners in Chiang Mai, Thailand and Philadelphia, USA","volume":"68","author":"Latkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000464","article-title":"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is prevalent in wounds of community-based injection drug users","volume":"138","author":"Lloyd-Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-2-24","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of abscesses among a cohort of injection drug users","volume":"2","author":"Lloyd-Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0737-1209.2006.230103.x","article-title":"Profiles of self-reported HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users in methadone maintenance treatment, detoxification, and needle exchange programs","volume":"23","author":"Mark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health Nursing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-42","article-title":"Appropriateness of antibiotic treatment in intravenous drug users, a retrospective analysis","volume":"8","author":"Mertz","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0175","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among in- and out-of-treatment drug users: An 18-month prospective follow-up","volume":"6","author":"Metzger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0180","series-title":"Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change","author":"Miller","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0185","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Injecting-related harm and treatment-seeking behaviour among injecting drug users","volume":"92","author":"Morrison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1086\/320879","article-title":"Risk factors for skin and soft-tissue abscesses among injection drug users: A case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0195","first-page":"S281","article-title":"Preparations for AIDS vaccine trials. An automated version of the Risk Assessment Battery (RAB): Enhancing the assessment of risk behaviors","volume":"10","author":"Navaline","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.859","article-title":"Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin use among injection drug users","volume":"279","author":"Passaro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971920497","article-title":"Determinants of HIV seroconversion in drug users during a period of rising prevalence in Vancouver","volume":"8","author":"Patrick","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of STD & AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3109\/00952991003592311","article-title":"Risk practices associated with bacterial infections among injection drug users in Denver, Colorado","volume":"36","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.015","article-title":"Non-fatal overdose and subsequent drug treatment among injection drug users","volume":"83","author":"Pollini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0220","series-title":"All about abscesses","author":"Public Health Department of Seattle & King County","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/10550880802545200","article-title":"Self-management of injection-related wounds among injecting drug users","volume":"28","author":"Roose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0230","first-page":"133","article-title":"A stage model of behavioral therapies research: Getting started and moving on from Stage I","volume":"8","author":"Rounsaville","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0235","series-title":"HIV and HCV counseling and education (C&E) intervention training manual, Version 3.0 (NIH Publication No. 93-3580)","author":"Royer","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00010-7","article-title":"Injection drug use in North America","volume":"16","author":"Schoener","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.10.006","article-title":"Management of multi-drug resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006","volume":"35","author":"Siegel","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0250","series-title":"Timeline Followback user's guide: A calendar method for assessing alcohol and drug use","author":"Sobell","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0255","first-page":"351","article-title":"Medical consequences of substance abuse","volume":"22","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addictive Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00235-0","article-title":"Injection drug users: Hospital care and charges","volume":"64","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1057-6290(00)80012-1","article-title":"The impact of the NIDA cooperative agreement programs on HIV risk among crack and injection drug users","volume":"7","author":"Stephens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Advances in Medical Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.10.1281","article-title":"Sex differences in risk factors for HIV seroconversion among injection drug users: A 10-year perspective","volume":"161","author":"Strathdee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.3.327","article-title":"Microbiologic study of street heroin and injection paraphernalia","volume":"129","author":"Tuazon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260603600412","article-title":"Research note: Factors associated with skin cleaning prior to injection among drug users","author":"Varga","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0285","first-page":"595","article-title":"Bacterial infections and skin cleaning prior to injection among intravenous drug users","volume":"107","author":"Vlahov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0290","unstructured":"Wiebel, W. (1993). The Indigenous Leader Outreach Model: Intervention manual. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH Publication No. 93-3581."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1086\/340827","article-title":"Prospective study of infective endocarditis among injection drug users","volume":"185","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547212000165?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547212000165?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T19:37:58Z","timestamp":1760038678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740547212000165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0740547212000165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-5472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-5472","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Skin and needle hygiene intervention for injection drug users: Results from a randomized, controlled Stage I pilot trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.01.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}