{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T14:18:19Z","timestamp":1781360299649,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":284,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA033402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA033402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DA035772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DA035772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA033402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA033402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brandeis-Harvard NIDA Center","award":["P30 DA035772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DA035772"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofsubstanceabusetreatment.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T12:40:12Z","timestamp":1536324012000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Incentives in a public addiction treatment system: Effects on waiting time and selection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Maureen T.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AnMarie","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6110-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot T.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Hodgkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance M.","family":"Horgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1765(03)00032-6","article-title":"Interaction terms in logit and probit models","volume":"80","author":"Ai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.12.1419","article-title":"Pay for performance in behavioral health","volume":"59","author":"Bremer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-010-9228-5","article-title":"Performance-based contracting within a state substance abuse treatment system: A preliminary exploration of differences in client access and client outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Brucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0020","author":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0025","series-title":"Quality Payment Program: Delivery System Reform, Medicare Payment Reform, & MACRA: The Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) & Alternative Payment Models (APMs)","author":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0030","first-page":"60","article-title":"Pay for performance comes to Medicare in 2009","volume":"61","author":"Charland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Healthcare Financial Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001130)19:22<3127::AID-SIM784>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2002.10399933","article-title":"Engaging substance abusers after centralized assessment: Predictors of treatment entry and dropout","volume":"34","author":"Claus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0045","series-title":"Analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0050","first-page":"631","article-title":"Performance contracting for substance abuse treatment","volume":"32","author":"Commons","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Health Services Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12408","article-title":"The Theory of Value-Based Payment Incentives and Their Application to Health Care","author":"Conrad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.031308.100243","article-title":"Quality-based financial incentives in health care: Can we improve quality by paying for it?","volume":"30","author":"Conrad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-66","article-title":"Selecting effective incentive structures in health care: A decision framework to support health care purchasers in finding the right incentives to drive performance","volume":"8","author":"Custers","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981015)17:19<2265::AID-SIM918>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group","volume":"17","author":"D'Agostino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0070","article-title":"Measuring success in health care value-based purchasing programs: Findings from an environmental scan, literature review, and expert panel discussions","volume":"4","author":"Damberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rand Health Quarterly"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2013.01.008","article-title":"Effects of pay for performance in health care: A systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"110","author":"Eijkenaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(94)00052-Z","article-title":"Pretreatment dropout as a function of treatment delay and client variables","volume":"20","author":"Festinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.802","article-title":"Using pay for performance to improve treatment implementation for adolescent substance use disorders: Results from a cluster randomized trial","volume":"166","author":"Garner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.09.007","article-title":"Influencing quality of outpatient SUD care: Implementation of alerts and incentives in Washington State","volume":"82","author":"Garnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-015-0036-z","article-title":"Paths to improving engagement among racial and ethnic minorities in addiction health services","volume":"10","author":"Guerrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.09.001","article-title":"Performance contracting to engage detoxification-only patients into continued rehabilitation","volume":"40","author":"Haley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0105","series-title":"Rewarding provider performance - aligning incentives in Medicare","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1pt1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01314.x","article-title":"Interaction terms in nonlinear models","volume":"47","author":"Karaca-Mandic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.09.005","article-title":"Adolescent treatment initiation and engagement in an evidence-based practice initiative","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.734","article-title":"Risk selection and matching in performance-based contracting","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558715619282","article-title":"Pay-for-performance: Disappointing results or masked heterogeneity?","volume":"74","author":"Markovitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Care Research and Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12920","article-title":"The impact of paying treatment providers for outcomes: Difference-in-differences analysis of the \u2018payment by results for drugs recovery\u2019 pilot","volume":"110","author":"Mason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.016","article-title":"Prospective validation of substance abuse severity measures from administrative data","volume":"86","author":"McCamant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02384196","article-title":"Outcomes for Medicaid clients with substance abuse problems before and after managed care","volume":"32","author":"McFarland","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.01.010","article-title":"Improving public addiction treatment through performance contracting: The Delaware experiment","volume":"87","author":"McLellan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1995.10524589","article-title":"Natural and quasi-experiments in economics","volume":"13","author":"Meyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Business & Economic Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0160","series-title":"Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.015","article-title":"Non-fatal overdose and subsequent drug treatment among injection drug users","volume":"83","author":"Pollini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.00202","article-title":"Theory and practice in the design of physician payment incentives","volume":"79","author":"Robinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Milbank Quarterly"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.7.740","article-title":"Pay-for-performance: Will the latest payment trend improve care?","volume":"297","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12097","article-title":"Does winning a pay-for-performance bonus improve subsequent quality performance? Evidence from the hospital quality incentive demonstration","volume":"49","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0185","series-title":"Drug facts: Nationwide trends","author":"SAMHSA","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0190","author":"SAMHSA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0195","author":"SAMHSA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.00132","article-title":"Selection incentives in a performance-based contracting system","volume":"38","author":"Shen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.11.4.294","article-title":"Treatment retention and follow-up outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS)","volume":"11","author":"Simpson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00082-3","article-title":"Brief report a comparison of three \u201cinterventions\u201d on pretreatment dropout rates in an outpatient substance abuse clinic","volume":"24","author":"Stasiewicz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.02.001","article-title":"Performance contracting and quality improvement in outpatient treatment: Effects on waiting time and length of stay","volume":"44","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201600475","article-title":"Can we pay for performance in behavioral health care?","volume":"68","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-10-247","article-title":"Systematic review: Effects, design choices, and context of pay-for-performance in health care","volume":"10","author":"Van Herck","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.03.001","article-title":"Pay-for-performance in a community substance abuse clinic","volume":"41","author":"Vandrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.1277","article-title":"The effect of pay-for-performance in hospitals: Lessons for quality improvement","volume":"30","author":"Werner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2307\/2531734","article-title":"Models for longitudinal data: A generalized estimating equation approach","author":"Zeger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547218300722?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547218300722?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T19:47:56Z","timestamp":1760039276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740547218300722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0740547218300722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-5472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-5472","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Incentives in a public addiction treatment system: Effects on waiting time and selection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}