{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:26:09Z","timestamp":1780579569495,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofsubstanceabusetreatment.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T21:11:47Z","timestamp":1608153107000},"page":"108254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cannabis use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: The prevalence of comorbidity in veterans of recent conflicts"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Bryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianna","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony H.","family":"Ecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-120015873","article-title":"Rates of psychiatric comorbidity among US resident with lifetime cannabis dependence","volume":"28","author":"Agosti","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990600919005","article-title":"Concurrent cannabis use during treatment for comorbid ADAH and cocaine dependence; effects on outcome","volume":"32","author":"Aharonovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1507","article-title":"Post discharge cannabis use and its relationship to cocaine, alcohol, and heroin use: A prospective study","volume":"162","author":"Aharonovich","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.077081","article-title":"Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms","volume":"62","author":"Aldington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-09-00153","article-title":"War-related illness symptoms among Operation Iraqi Freedom\/Operation Enduring Freedom returnees","volume":"175","author":"Amin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp140523","article-title":"Use and effects of cannabinoids in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"72","author":"Betthauser","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Health System Pharmacy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.12018.x","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use characteristics among military veterans with cannabis dependence","volume":"22","author":"Boden","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026621","article-title":"Prospective investigation of the impact of cannabis use disorders on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among veterans in residential treatment","volume":"5","author":"Bonn-Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00052","article-title":"The underdiagnosis of cannabis use disorders and other Axis-I disorders among military veterans within VHA","volume":"177","author":"Bonn-Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027622","article-title":"Prevalence of cannabis use disorder diagnoses among veterans in 2002, 2008, and 2009","volume":"9","author":"Bonn-Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2015.1043209","article-title":"The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on cannabis quit success","volume":"41","author":"Bonn-Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021945","article-title":"Cannabis use among military veterans after residential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"25","author":"Bonn-Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.10.014","article-title":"Integrated cognitive behavioral therapy for comorbid cannabis use and anxiety disorders: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Buckner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000131","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder treatment barriers and facilitators among veterans with PTSD","volume":"30","author":"Bujarski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n1103","article-title":"Hazardous alcohol use and receipt of risk-reduction counseling among U.S. veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"69","author":"Calhoun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.08.003","article-title":"The effects of venlafaxine and cognitive behavioral therapy alone and combined in the treatment of co-morbid alcohol use-anxiety disorders","volume":"51","author":"Ciraulo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.012","article-title":"Unemployment and substance outcomes in the United States 2002\u20132010","volume":"142","author":"Compton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug & Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2010.00294.x","article-title":"Use of psychotherapy by rural and urban veterans","volume":"26","author":"Cully","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.010","article-title":"Recent cannabis use among Veterans in the United States: Results from a national sample","volume":"76","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.008","article-title":"Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults from 2002 to 2012","volume":"16","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000033","article-title":"Understanding how deployment experiences change over time: Comparison of female and male OEF\/OIF and Gulf War veterans","volume":"8","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13423","article-title":"The burden of alcohol use disorders in US military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study","volume":"111","author":"Fuehrlein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.02.003","article-title":"The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in Operation Enduring Freedom\/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF\/OIF) veterans: A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Fulton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00146.x","article-title":"Pain among veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom","volume":"7","author":"Gironda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.509","article-title":"Association of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with marijuana and synthetic cannabis among young U.S. Veterans: A pilot investigation","volume":"77","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"issue":"9698","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61037-0","article-title":"Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use","volume":"374","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15070907","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 Cannabis use disorder, 2012-2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions\u2013III","volume":"173","author":"Hasin","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0145","series-title":"How deployments affect service members","author":"Hosek","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2012.12.017","article-title":"Unemployment, earnings and enrollment among post 9\/11 veterans","volume":"342","author":"Kleykamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20278","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms in soldiers returning from combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"20","author":"Lapierre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.10.038","article-title":"Cannabis as a precipitant of cardiovascular emergencies","volume":"104","author":"Lindsay","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.951116213.x","article-title":"The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review","volume":"95","author":"Lynskey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/2589977511666181109153958","article-title":"Navigating blind in the green rush: Clinical consideration and harm reduction practices for cannabis","volume":"11","author":"Meffert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Drug Research Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000133","article-title":"Medicinal versus recreational cannabis use among returning veterans","volume":"4","author":"Metrik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Translational Issues in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000210","article-title":"The mediating roles of coping, sleep, and anxiety motives in cannabis use and problems among returning veterans with PTSD and MDD","volume":"30","author":"Metrik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.016","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder among people with heroin dependence in the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS): Prevalence and correlates","volume":"77","author":"Mills","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug & Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0195","first-page":"690","article-title":"Integrated exposure-based therapy for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"308","author":"Mills","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024496427434","article-title":"\u201cSeeking safety\u201d: Outcome of a new cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence","volume":"11","author":"Najavits","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0205","series-title":"International classification of diseases","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0210","series-title":"International classification of diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10)","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0215","series-title":"Opinion on state medical marijuana registration forms","author":"Office of General Counsel of the Department of Veterans Affairs","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0220","author":"Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0225","author":"Office of Rural Health"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058102","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the war zone","volume":"352","author":"Okie","year":"2005","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0235","article-title":"Use of medicinal cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Orsolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3703-5","article-title":"The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample","volume":"31","author":"Prins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26929","article-title":"Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences","volume":"3","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0250","author":"SAMHSA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.12.1615","article-title":"Sleep patterns before, during, and after deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"33","author":"Seelig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0260","series-title":"Substance use and mental health estimates from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Overview of findings","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0265","series-title":"Invisible wounds of war. psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.09.021","article-title":"The impact of comorbid cannabis use disordes on the clinical presentation of social anxiety disorder","volume":"46","author":"Tepe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0275","author":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254_bb0280","author":"Veterans Health Administration"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547220305110?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547220305110?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T19:52:41Z","timestamp":1760039561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740547220305110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0740547220305110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-5472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-5472","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cannabis use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: The prevalence of comorbidity in veterans of recent conflicts","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108254","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108254"}}