{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:05:53Z","timestamp":1789085153836,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofsubstanceabusetreatment.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T03:19:49Z","timestamp":1619666389000},"page":"108449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Changes in methadone program practices and fatal methadone overdose rates in Connecticut during COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Brothers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Viera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Heimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0005","first-page":"M20","article-title":"An epidemic in the midst of a pandemic: Opioid use disorder and COVID-19","author":"Alexander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0010","series-title":"COVID-19 impact on US national overdose crisis","author":"Alter","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0015","first-page":"M20","article-title":"When epidemics collide: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the opioid crisis","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12051","article-title":"Pharmacological maintenance treatments of opiate addiction","volume":"77","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0025","unstructured":"Chen, K. L., Brozen, M., Rollman, J. E., Ward, T., Norris, K., Gregory, K. D., & Zimmerman, F. J. (2020). Transportation access to health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Trends and implications for significant patient populations and health care needs. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies. Report No.: UC-ITS-2021-11 | DOI:10.17610\/T6RK5N. Accessed October 30, 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.3.297","article-title":"Diversion and abuse of methadone prescribed for pain management","volume":"293","author":"Cicero","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0035","series-title":"Drug overdose monthly report. Updated February 13, 2021","author":"Connecticut Department of Health","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/10550880802544997","article-title":"An 18-year follow-up of patients admitted to methadone treatment for the first time","volume":"28","author":"Davstad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090080008002","article-title":"A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction: A clinical trial with methadone hydrochloride","volume":"193","author":"Dole","year":"1965","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000193","article-title":"A systematic review on the use of psychosocial interventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction","volume":"10","author":"Dugosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00370-7","article-title":"Challenges in maintaining treatment services for people who use drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Dunlop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.95339310.x","article-title":"Diversion of prescribed drugs by drug users in treatment: Analysis of the UK market and new data from London","volume":"95","author":"Fountain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.12.002","article-title":"Supervised daily consumption, contingent take-home incentive and non-contingent take-home in methadone maintenance","volume":"35","author":"Gerra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200012000-00012","article-title":"Methadone maintenance programs-a two-edged sword?","volume":"21","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1752351","article-title":"Opioid use disorder and the COVID 19 pandemic: A call to sustain regulatory easements and further expand access to treatment","volume":"41","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Substance Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0080","series-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132018","first-page":"356","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00465-3","article-title":"A community responds to the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study in protecting the health and human rights of people who use drugs","volume":"97","author":"Heimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"issue":"10279","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00391-3","article-title":"The opioid crisis and HIV in the USA: Deadly synergies","volume":"397","author":"Hodder","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00055-3","article-title":"From morphine clinics to buprenorphine: Regulating opioid agonist treatment of addiction in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Jaffe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.008","article-title":"Predictors of methadone treatment retention from a multi-site study: A survival analysis","volume":"117","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.05.014","article-title":"A 12-month controlled trial of methadone medical maintenance integrated into an adaptive treatment model","volume":"31","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0110","series-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","first-page":"186","article-title":"Methadone-related opioid agonist pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction: History, recent molecular and neurochemical research, and future in mainstream medicine","volume":"Vol. 909","author":"Kreek","year":"2000"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5523","article-title":"Medication-based treatment to address opioid use disorder","volume":"321","author":"Leshner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0120","article-title":"Addictions in the COVID-19 era: Current evidence, future perspectives a comprehensive review","volume":"110070","author":"Mallet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0125","author":"NIDA"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.16566","article-title":"Trends in intentional and unintentional opioid overdose deaths in the United States, 2000-2017","volume":"322","author":"Olfson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05232","article-title":"A transitioning epidemic: How the opioid crisis is driving the rise in hepatitis C","volume":"38","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.06.004","article-title":"Are drug treatment services only for \u2018thieving junkie scumbags\u2019? Drug users and the management of stigmatised identities","volume":"67","author":"Radcliffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.34","article-title":"Retention, HIV risk, and illicit drug use during treatment: Methadone dose and visit frequency","volume":"88","author":"Rhoades","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0150","series-title":"FAQs: Provision of methadone and buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder in the COVID-19 emergency","author":"SAMHSA","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0155","author":"SAMHSA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.07.009","article-title":"Predictive factors for treatment retention in methadone programs in Indonesia","volume":"42","author":"Sarasvita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saulle, R., Vecchi, S., & Gowing, L. (2017). Supervised dosing with a long-acting opioid medication in the management of opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), Article CD011983.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011983.pub2"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00425.x","article-title":"The role of methadone in drug-related deaths in the west of Scotland","volume":"98","author":"Seymour","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0000000000000099","article-title":"Factor predictive of 1-year retention on methadone maintenance therapy program: A survival analysis study","volume":"16","author":"Shakira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108047","article-title":"Overdose and risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"212","author":"Slaunwhite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108176","article-title":"Signal of increased opioid overdose during COVID-19 from emergency medical services data","volume":"214","author":"Slavova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1550","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1550","article-title":"Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"357","author":"Sordo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100508","article-title":"Contingency management: Utility in the treatment of drug abuse disorders","volume":"83","author":"Stitzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30053-0","article-title":"COVID-19: A potential public health problem for homeless populations","volume":"5","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"10232","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30893-X","article-title":"COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US","volume":"395","author":"van Dorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1212","article-title":"Collision of the COVID-19 and addiction epidemics","volume":"173","author":"Volkow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0898-0","article-title":"An overdose surge will compound the COVID-19 pandemic if urgent action is not taken","volume":"26","author":"Wakeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.015","article-title":"Treatment utilization among persons with opioid use disorder in the United States","volume":"169","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6020787","article-title":"Attitudes toward methadone among out-of-treatment minority injection drug users: Implications for health disparities","volume":"6","author":"Zaller","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547221001756?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740547221001756?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T19:54:11Z","timestamp":1760039651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740547221001756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0740547221001756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-5472"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-5472","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Changes in methadone program practices and fatal methadone overdose rates in Connecticut during COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108449","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108449"}}