{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T10:56:03Z","timestamp":1760784963172,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007364","name":"CRT Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T19:45:17Z","timestamp":1614023117000},"page":"105854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Trend of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol plasma levels in patients affected by active chronic hepatitis B virus infection and inactive carriers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"210","author":[{"given":"Lucio","family":"Boglione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Caccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Civra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Cusato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u2019Avolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiorella","family":"Biasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8954-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"year":"2017","series-title":"Hepatitis Report","author":"WHO","key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28156","article-title":"American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"63","author":"Terrault","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"67","author":"EASL","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.12.052","article-title":"Evaluation and identification of hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors using HepG2 cells overexpressing a membrane transporter NTCP","volume":"443","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.04.003","article-title":"Oxysterols: an emerging class of broad spectrum antiviral effectors","volume":"49","author":"Lembo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.012","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol protects host against Zika virus infection and its associated microcephaly in a mouse model","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7487","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07487","article-title":"Inhibition of pathogenic non-enveloped viruses by 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol","volume":"4","author":"Civra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.03.016","article-title":"Inhibition of herpes simplex-1 virus replication by 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol","volume":"12","author":"Cagno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.09.003","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol inhibit human rotavirus infection by sequestering viral particles into late endosomes","volume":"19","author":"Civra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.031","article-title":"Modulation of cell proteome by 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol: a link between cholesterol metabolism and antiviral defense","volume":"149","author":"Civra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2011.04.002","article-title":"Oxysterols as biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"164","author":"Leoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R006338","article-title":"Genetic connections between neurological disorders and cholesterol metabolism","volume":"51","author":"Bj\u00f6rkhem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105424","article-title":"Antiviral oxysterols are present in human milk at diverse stages of lactation","volume":"193","author":"Civra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.09.011","article-title":"Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase is an interferon-inducible factor that protects against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection","volume":"210","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.12.001","article-title":"An Interferon-driven oxysterol-based defense against tumor-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"35","author":"Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.005","article-title":"Interferon-inducible cholesterol-25-hydroxylase broadly inhibits viral entry by production of 25-hydroxycholesterol","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.004","article-title":"The transcription factor STAT-1 couples macrophage synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol to the interferon antiviral response","volume":"38","author":"Blanc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.03.015","article-title":"Potential diagnostic applications of side chain oxysterols analysis in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"86","author":"Leoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23571","article-title":"Serum hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen titers: disease phase influences correlation with viral load and intrahepatic hepatitis B virus markers","volume":"51","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.12.020","article-title":"A new role for an old marker","volume":"52","author":"Brunetto","year":"2010","journal-title":"HBsAg. J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24615","article-title":"Determinants of spontaneous surface antigen loss in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients with a low viral load","volume":"55","author":"Tseng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir283","article-title":"Viral determinants of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"204","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.006","article-title":"A predictive scoring system for the seroclearance of HBsAg in HBeAg-seronegative chronic hepatitis B patients with genotype B or C infection","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2013.05.006","article-title":"HBsAg quantification to predict natural history and treatment outcome in chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"17","author":"Martinot-Peignoux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_80_19","article-title":"Quantitative HBsAg levels do not identify hepatic fibrosis in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"25","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0130","first-page":"51","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Quantitative HBs Antigen in the Prediction of Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B","volume":"39","author":"Dimzova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100067","article-title":"Limitations of non-invasive tests for assessment of liver fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B carriers with sound touch elastography: study of surgical pathology specimens","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-22","article-title":"Innate immune responses in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection","volume":"11","author":"Busca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.112","article-title":"Contribution of Toll-like receptors to the control of hepatitis B virus infection by initiating antiviral innate responses and promoting specific adaptive immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.07.002","article-title":"Innate immunity related pathogen recognition receptors and chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"90","author":"Nosratabadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12322","article-title":"Relation between TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway activation by 27-hydroxycholesterol and 4-hydroxynonenal, and atherosclerotic plaque instability","volume":"14","author":"Gargiulo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060151","article-title":"A dietary mixture of oxysterols induces in vitro intestinal inflammation through TLR2\/4 activation: the protective effect of cocoa bean shells","volume":"8","author":"Rossin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0170","first-page":"475","article-title":"FSL-1, a Toll-like Receptor 2\/6 agonist, induces expression of interleukin-1\u03b1 in the presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol, Korean","volume":"18","author":"Heo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.12.003","article-title":"27-Hydroxycholesterol up-regulates CD14 and predisposes monocytic cells to super production of CCL2 in response to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"1852","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0180","first-page":"2335","article-title":"Prednisolone suppresses the immunostimulatory effects of 27-hydroxycholesterol","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2681","article-title":"Sterols and oxysterols in immune cell function","volume":"14","author":"Spann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07202","article-title":"Integration of metabolism and inflammation by lipid-activated nuclear receptors","volume":"454","author":"Bensinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.04.052","article-title":"LXR signaling couples sterol metabolism to proliferation in the acquired immune response","volume":"134","author":"Bensinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0200","first-page":"S213","article-title":"Bj\u00f6rkhem, Are side-chain oxidized oxysterols regulators also in vivo?","volume":"50","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.12.007","article-title":"27-Hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol trigger a sequence of events leading to migration of CCR5-expressing Th1 lymphocytes","volume":"274","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i11.1578","article-title":"Dendritic cells from chronic hepatitis B patients can induce HBV antigen-specific T cell responses","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.07.046","article-title":"Oxysterols induce transition of monocytic cells to phenotypically mature dendritic cell-like cells","volume":"438","author":"Son","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Communs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-5782-4","article-title":"Serum metabolomics reveals the deregulation of fatty acids metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver diseases","volume":"403","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960076021000479?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960076021000479?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:06:55Z","timestamp":1760746015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960076021000479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0960076021000479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-0760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0960-0760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trend of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol plasma levels in patients affected by active chronic hepatitis B virus infection and inactive carriers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105854","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105854"}}