{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:22:36Z","timestamp":1791901356812,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007307","name":"Arthrex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007307","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jshoulderelbow.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T08:11:38Z","timestamp":1611994298000},"page":"2177-2183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effectiveness of topical adjuvants in reducing biofilm formation on orthopedic implants: an in\u00a0vitro analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Cameron","family":"Kia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4124-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0575-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas N.","family":"Muench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4870-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Chadayammuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Beth","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezigbobiara","family":"Umejiego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustus D.","family":"Mazzocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0554","article-title":"Antibiofilm properties of acetic acid","volume":"4","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.244-269.2001","article-title":"Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management","volume":"14","author":"Bowler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2011.03.034","article-title":"Dilute Betadine lavage before closure for the prevention of acute postoperative deep periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.05.013","article-title":"Expanding the microcomedone theory and acne therapeutics: Propionibacterium acnes biofilm produces biological glue that holds corneocytes together to form plug","volume":"57","author":"Burkhart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000171907.60775.85","article-title":"Efficacy of dilute Betadine solution irrigation in the prevention of postoperative infection of spinal surgery","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib6","first-page":"473","article-title":"The efficacy and risks of using povidone-iodine irrigation to prevent surgical site infection: an evidence-based review","volume":"50","author":"Chundamala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.12.028","article-title":"Preventing infection in shoulder surgery","volume":"27","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00038","article-title":"Genetic regulation of the intercellular adhesion locus in staphylococci","volume":"2","author":"Cue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.07.016","article-title":"Quantifying implant-associated biofilms: comparison of microscopic, microbiologic and biochemical methods","volume":"130","author":"Doll","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib10","first-page":"71","article-title":"Effectiveness of ethanol and methanol alcohols on different isolates of staphylococcus species","volume":"7","author":"Elzain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23804","article-title":"Topical adjuvants incompletely remove adherent Staphylococcus aureus from implant materials","volume":"36","author":"Ernest","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.79B4.0790590","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty. Review of 10,905 primary cemented total hip replacements reported to the Norwegian arthroplasty register, 1987 to 1995","volume":"79","author":"Espehaug","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.56","article-title":"Current concepts in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"5","author":"Fey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2017.03.005","article-title":"Intraoperative chlorhexidine irrigation to prevent infection in total hip and knee arthroplasty","volume":"3","author":"Frisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.05.024","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes in shoulder surgery: true infection, contamination, or commensal of the deep tissue?","volume":"23","author":"Hudek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3109\/07388558909036741","article-title":"Ethanol tolerance in bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Ingram","year":"1989","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01686","article-title":"Risk factors for infection after knee arthroplasty. A register-based analysis of 43,149 cases","volume":"91","author":"J\u00e4msen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib18","first-page":"61","article-title":"Vinegar: medicinal uses and antiglycemic effect","volume":"8","author":"Johnston","year":"2006","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23903","article-title":"Antibiotic loaded calcium sulfate bead and pulse lavage eradicates biofilms on metal implant materials in\u00a0vitro","volume":"36","author":"Knecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2009.11.002","article-title":"Global gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus following exposure to alcohol","volume":"48","author":"Korem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196903000-00016","article-title":"Treatment of \u2018resistant\u2019 otorrhea with acetic acid","volume":"79","author":"Kothari","year":"1969","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(16)31194-6","article-title":"The influence of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate rinses on the incidence of infectious complications and implant success","volume":"55","author":"Lambert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.03.050","article-title":"Complete eradication of biofilm from orthopedic materials","volume":"32","author":"Leary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/000164701317268969","article-title":"Joint prosthetic infections: a success story","volume":"72","author":"Lidgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00178","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: recent developments in biofilm dispersal","volume":"4","author":"Lister","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-015-0065-y","article-title":"Ethanol and isopropyl alcohol exposure increases biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"4","author":"Luther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.10.025","article-title":"Benzyl alcohol and ethanol can enhance the pathogenic potential of clinical Staphylococcus epidermidis strains","volume":"36","author":"Milisavljevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.11.044","article-title":"Periprosthetic shoulder infection in the United States: incidence and economic burden","volume":"24","author":"Padegimas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00455-10","article-title":"Activities of high-dose daptomycin, vancomycin, and moxifloxacin alone or in combination with clarithromycin or rifampin in a novel in\u00a0vitro model of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm","volume":"54","author":"Parra-Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.01.023","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes colonization of the human shoulder","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.06.016","article-title":"Chlorhexidine\u2013alcohol versus iodine\u2013alcohol for surgical site skin preparation in an elective arthroplasty (ACAISA) study: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Peel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200111000-00003","article-title":"Infection in total knee replacement","volume":"392","author":"Peersman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00861","article-title":"Prognostic factors for bacterial cultures positive for Propionibacterium acnes and other organisms in a large series of revision shoulder arthroplasties performed for stiffness, pain, or loosening","volume":"94","author":"Pottinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-695X.12005","article-title":"Alcohol treatment enhances Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development","volume":"66","author":"Redelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.4.767-772.1998","article-title":"Perturbation of anion balance during inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli by weak acids","volume":"180","author":"Roe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib37","series-title":"Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities","author":"Rutala","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01713155","article-title":"Culture and biological activity of Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"25","author":"Schlecht","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2011.03.042","article-title":"Optimal irrigation and debridement of infected joint implants: an in\u00a0vitro methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus biofilm model","volume":"26","author":"Schwechter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.01.006","article-title":"Periprosthetic infections after total shoulder arthroplasty: A 33-year perspective","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200101000-00028","article-title":"Infection after shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"382","author":"Sperling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.78.BJR-2018-0045.R1","article-title":"The biofilm eradication activity of acetic acid in the management of periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"7","author":"Tsang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00313","article-title":"Selection of an optimal antiseptic solution for intraoperative irrigation: an in\u00a0vitro study","volume":"96","author":"van Meurs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb3020418","article-title":"A method for quantitative determination of biofilm viability","volume":"3","author":"Welch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2016.09.010","article-title":"Acetic acid as part of a debridement protocol during revision total knee arthroplasty","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"}],"container-title":["Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1058274621000550?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1058274621000550?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:53:40Z","timestamp":1761008020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1058274621000550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1058274621000550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-2746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-2746","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effectiveness of topical adjuvants in reducing biofilm formation on orthopedic implants: an in\u00a0vitro analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2020.12.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}