{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:18:11Z","timestamp":1788416291705,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20K08056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K08056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21H03799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H03799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23K07214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K07214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015731","name":"Bayer Yakuhin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jshoulderelbow.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:04:10Z","timestamp":1770077050000},"page":"e765-e774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-dimensional analysis of shoulder hand-behind-back motion in patients with frozen shoulder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Niwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7629-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noboru","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0185-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0817-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoichi","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5842-5349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshitake","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Nagura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Jinzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.05.004","article-title":"Beyond Euler\/Cardan analysis: true glenohumeral axial rotation during arm elevation and rotation","volume":"88","author":"Aliaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000284","article-title":"A new subject-specific skin correction factor for three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the scapula","volume":"131","author":"Bourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.06.011","article-title":"Three-dimensional rotation of the scapula during functional movements: an in vivo study in healthy volunteers","volume":"16","author":"Bourne","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.06.022","article-title":"A review of the Constant score: modifications and guidelines for its use","volume":"17","author":"Constant","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198701000-00023","article-title":"A clinical method of functional assessment of the shoulder","volume":"214","author":"Constant","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib6","first-page":"373","article-title":"Thumb to spinous process is a false metric for glenohumeral internal rotation","volume":"1","author":"Ferraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSES Rev Rep Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111596","article-title":"Defining repeatability for scapulothoracic and thoracohumeral motion during the novel work-related activities and functional task (WRAFT) protocol","volume":"153","author":"Friesen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.08.005","article-title":"Does hand-behind-back range of motion accurately reflect shoulder internal rotation?","volume":"15","author":"Ginn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2112-7","article-title":"Accuracy of measuring tape and vertebral-level methods to determine shoulder internal rotation","volume":"470","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.03.024","article-title":"Shoulder stiffness: current concepts and concerns","volume":"32","author":"Itoi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000603","article-title":"Development of upright computed tomography with area detector for whole-body scans: phantom study, efficacy on workflow, effect of gravity on human body, and potential clinical impact","volume":"55","author":"Jinzaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.0302","article-title":"Shoulder pain and mobility deficits: adhesive capsulitis","volume":"43","author":"Kelley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110266","article-title":"Age-related differences in humerothoracic, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral kinematics during elevation and rotation motions","volume":"117","author":"Kolz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679408995498","article-title":"Documenting rotation at the glenohumeral joint. A technical note","volume":"65","author":"Kumar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-017-2656-4","article-title":"Three-dimensional motion analysis for validation of shoulder internal rotation","volume":"137","author":"Maier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(96)80057-7","article-title":"Use of vertebral levels to measure presumed internal rotation at the shoulder: a radiographic analysis","volume":"5","author":"Mallon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2021.12.001","article-title":"Normalized hand-behind-back for the measurement of shoulder internal rotation","volume":"6","author":"Mitsukane","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67699-y","article-title":"Satisfaction of patients with frozen shoulder following silent manipulation: a prospective observation study","volume":"14","author":"Miyatake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.193","article-title":"Analysis of healthy glenohumeral arthrokinematics using four-dimensional computed tomography throughout internal rotation and forward elevation","volume":"9","author":"Paliani","year":"2025","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.10.042","article-title":"Comparison of glenohumeral motion using different rotation sequences","volume":"44","author":"Phadke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(09)80019-0","article-title":"A standardized method for the assessment of shoulder function","volume":"3","author":"Richards","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B1.27093","article-title":"Frozen shoulder","volume":"94","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00359-9","article-title":"Shoulder kinematics in subjects with frozen shoulder","volume":"84","author":"Rundquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113502159","article-title":"Internal rotation behind-the-back angle: a reliable angular measurement for shoulder internal rotation behind the back","volume":"7","author":"Sraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib25","first-page":"558","article-title":"Internal rotation measurements: correlation between vertebral body level and goniometer measurements on functional outcome scores","volume":"12","author":"West","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion-part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2007.07.006","article-title":"Shoulder kinematic features using arm elevation and rotation tests for classifying patients with frozen shoulder syndrome who respond to physical therapy","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Man Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1058274626000455?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1058274626000455?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:09:27Z","timestamp":1788415767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1058274626000455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1058274626000455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-2746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-2746","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Three-dimensional analysis of shoulder hand-behind-back motion in patients with frozen shoulder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2026.01.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}