{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:51:48Z","timestamp":1791888708504,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsesarthroplasty.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T12:22:29Z","timestamp":1595506949000},"page":"734-738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Risk factors for nonunion after traumatic humeral shaft fractures in adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-3084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Entezari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather A.","family":"Vallier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.05.009","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of humeral shaft fractures revisited","volume":"24","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B2.3980544","article-title":"The results of plating humeral shaft fractures in patients with multiple injuries. The Sunnybrook experience","volume":"67","author":"Bell","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-20-07-423","article-title":"Management of humeral shaft fractures","volume":"20","author":"Carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-004-0620-8","article-title":"Humeral shaft fractures treated by dynamic compression plates, Ender nails and interlocking nails","volume":"29","author":"Chao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib6","first-page":"68","article-title":"Outcomes of nails versus plates for humeral shaft fractures: a Medicare cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.17050","article-title":"Interlocking nailing of humeral shaft fractures. A retrospective study of 114 patients","volume":"59","author":"Demirel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20100625-16","article-title":"Outcome of nonoperative vs operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures: a retrospective study of 213 patients","volume":"33","author":"Denard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B11.17634","article-title":"Fractures of the shaft of the humerus: an epidemiological study of 401 fractures","volume":"88-B","author":"Ekholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000246466.01287.04","article-title":"Outcome after closed functional treatment of humeral shaft fractures","volume":"20","author":"Ekholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib11","first-page":"226","article-title":"Surgical treatment of humeral shaft fractures\u2014the Basel experience","volume":"35","author":"Heim","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib12","first-page":"141","article-title":"Humeral shaft fracture: a randomized controlled trial of nonoperative versus operative management (plate fixation)","volume":"11","author":"Hosseini Khameneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.09.003","article-title":"Humeral nonunion","volume":"23","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082075","article-title":"Intramedullary nail versus dynamic compression plate fixation in treating humeral shaft fractures: grading the evidence through a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-017-0509-5","article-title":"Why a surgically treated humeral shaft fracture became a nonunion: review of 11 years in two trauma centers","volume":"101","author":"Maresca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00628","article-title":"Minimally invasive osteosynthesis with a bridge plate versus a functional brace for humeral shaft fractures: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B3.0820336","article-title":"Fixation of fractures of the shaft of the humerus by dynamic compression plate or intramedullary nail. A prospective, randomised trial","volume":"82","author":"McCormack","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001063","article-title":"Fracture and dislocation classification compendium-2018","volume":"32","author":"Meinberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.06.007","article-title":"Plate versus intramedullary nail fixation in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Ouyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.05.004","article-title":"Functional bracing of humeral shaft fractures. A review of clinical studies","volume":"41","author":"Papasoulis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198208000-00003","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of humeral fractures","author":"Rose","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759050-00004","article-title":"Functional bracing of fractures of the shaft of the humerus","volume":"59","author":"Sarmiento","year":"1977","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200004000-00003","article-title":"Functional bracing for the treatment of fractures of the humeral diaphysis","volume":"82","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001666","article-title":"Modern results of functional bracing of humeral shaft fractures: a multicenter retrospective analysis","volume":"34","author":"Serrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-014-1973-0","article-title":"Treatment of non-union of humerus diaphyseal fractures: a prospective study comparing interlocking nail and locking compression plate","volume":"134","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0813-2","article-title":"Nailing versus plating in humerus shaft fractures: a prospective comparative study","volume":"34","author":"Singisetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01185.x","article-title":"Logistic regression: a brief primer","volume":"18","author":"Stoltzfus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-004-0612-8","article-title":"Functional treatment of closed humeral shaft fractures","volume":"29","author":"Toivanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0537-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic humeral shaft fractures in Taiwan","volume":"33","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B2.0800249","article-title":"The epidemiology of humeral shaft fractures","volume":"80","author":"Tytherleigh-Strong","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.10.028","article-title":"Humeral shaft fractures","volume":"27","author":"Updegrove","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.11.030","article-title":"Humeral shaft fractures: a review","volume":"20","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-016-3210-7","article-title":"Humeral shaft fractures: results of operative and non-operative treatment","volume":"41","author":"Westrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Orthop"}],"container-title":["JSES International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638320300918?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638320300918?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T03:14:56Z","timestamp":1763003696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666638320300918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666638320300918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk factors for nonunion after traumatic humeral shaft fractures in adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.06.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}