{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:13:35Z","timestamp":1792448015019,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsesarthroplasty.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T02:23:37Z","timestamp":1655951017000},"page":"787-794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Midterm results of pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty: good outcomes after posttraumatic osteonecrosis without malunion of the tuberosities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1585-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Garret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Goden\u00e8che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Boileau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mol\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Etzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Favard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"L\u00e9vigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Sirveaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Walch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2016.05.002","article-title":"A\u00a0ten-year prospective outcome study of Pi2 pyrocarbon spacer arthroplasty in carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis","volume":"35","author":"Agout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib2","first-page":"17","article-title":"A\u00a0five-year prospective outcome study of pi2 pyrocarbon arthroplasty for the treatment of thumb carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis","volume":"30","author":"Ardouin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chir Main"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.05.044","article-title":"Pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty in young arthritic patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"29","author":"Barret","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.05.006","article-title":"Shoulder arthroplasty in patients aged fifty-five years or younger with osteoarthritis","volume":"20","author":"Bartelt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193419871671","article-title":"Medium- and long-term outcomes for hand and wrist pyrocarbon implants","volume":"44","author":"Bellem\u00e8re","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2018.03.001","article-title":"Pyrocarbon implants for the hand and wrist","volume":"37","author":"Bellem\u00e8re","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000195679.87258.6e","article-title":"Proximal humerus fracture sequelae: impact of a new radiographic classification on arthroplasty","volume":"442","author":"Boileau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-8842(83)90002-0","article-title":"Carbon in medical devices","volume":"9","author":"Bokros","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.05.017","article-title":"Pyrocarbon unipolar radial head prosthesis: clinical and radiologic outcomes at long-term follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5855","article-title":"Bone remodelling in humans is load-driven but not lazy","volume":"5","author":"Christen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.06.002","article-title":"Short-term outcomes and survival of pyrocarbon hemiarthroplasty in the young arthritic shoulder","volume":"31","author":"Cointat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B2.2925733","article-title":"Wear characteristics of the canine acetabulum against different femoral prostheses","volume":"71","author":"Cook","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.09.016","article-title":"Mid- to long-term follow-up of total shoulder arthroplasty using a keeled glenoid in young adults with primary glenohumeral arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Denard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.11.016","article-title":"Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for massive irreparable rotator cuff tears in patients younger than 65 years old: results after five to fifteen years","volume":"22","author":"Ek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2012.04.003","article-title":"Total shoulder arthroplasty - arthroplasty for glenohumeral arthropathies: results and complications after a minimum follow-up of 8 years according to the type of arthroplasty and etiology","volume":"98","author":"Favard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2005.11.006","article-title":"The role of SAPL as a boundary lubricant in prosthetic joints","volume":"40","author":"Gale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tribol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.01.002","article-title":"Pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty: preliminary results from a prospective multicenter study at 2 years of follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Garret","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jses.2018.09.002","article-title":"Pyrolytic carbon humeral head in hemi-shoulder arthroplasty: preliminary results at 2-year follow-up","volume":"3","author":"Garret","year":"2019","journal-title":"JSES Open Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.02.004","article-title":"Complications and implant survivorship following primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in patients younger than 65 years: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib20","first-page":"159","article-title":"Treatment of avascular necrosis of the proximal pole of the scaphoid by arthroscopic resection and prosthetic semireplacement arthroplasty using the pyrocarbon adaptive proximal scaphoid implant (APSI): long-term functional outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Gras","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Wrist Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.10.008","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic outcomes with a posteriorly augmented glenoid for Walch B glenoids in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"29","author":"Grey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v037a01","article-title":"Pyrocarbon versus cobalt-chromium in the context of spherical interposition implants: an in\u00a0vitro study on cultured chondrocytes","volume":"37","author":"Hannoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib23","series-title":"Biocomptability of clinical implant materials","first-page":"3","article-title":"Carbon in medical devices","author":"Haubold","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib24","first-page":"3081","article-title":"Clinical and radiological results of hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty for primary avascular necrosis of the humeral head in patients less than 60 years old","volume":"10","author":"Herv\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.01.032","article-title":"Poor results after pyrocarbon interpositional shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"30","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.01282","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic outcomes of a posteriorly augmented glenoid component in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis with posterior glenoid bone loss","volume":"100","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-017-3495-2","article-title":"Pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty in advanced collapse of the humeral head","volume":"46","author":"Hudek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2020.102756","article-title":"Osteoarthritis of the shoulder in under-50 year-olds: a multicenter retrospective study of 273 shoulders by the French Society for Shoulder and Elbow (SOFEC)","volume":"107","author":"Kany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib29","first-page":"11","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro comparison of wear characteristics of PyroCarbon and metal on bone: shoulder hemiarthroplasty","volume":"12","author":"Klawitter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-020-03529-w","article-title":"RSA, TSA and PyC hemi-prostheses: comparing indications and clinical outcomes using a second-generation modular short-stem shoulder prosthesis","volume":"141","author":"Kleim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.06.019","article-title":"Shoulder arthroplasty for atraumatic avascular necrosis of the humeral head: nineteen shoulders followed up for a mean of seven years","volume":"14","author":"Mansat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.08.017","volume":"31","author":"McBride","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.03.006","article-title":"Mid- to long-term follow-up of shoulder arthroplasty for primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis in patients aged 60 or under","volume":"28","author":"Neyton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4170-x","article-title":"Radiological and biomechanical assessment of displaced greater tuberosity fractures","volume":"43","author":"Nyffeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-3203(00)73492-5","article-title":"Implant adaptatif du scapho\u00efde proximal [A adaptive proximal scaphoid implant].","volume":"19","author":"Pequignot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chir Main"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.00506","article-title":"Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for malunions of the proximal Part of the humerus (Type-4 fracture sequelae)","volume":"98","author":"Raiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00560","article-title":"Treatment of osteonecrosis of the humeral head with cementless surface replacement arthroplasty","volume":"91","author":"Raiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00580","article-title":"Results of cemented total shoulder replacement with a minimum follow-up of ten years","volume":"94","author":"Raiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.12.069","article-title":"Outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty in patients younger than 65 years: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Roberson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v19.i4.50","article-title":"Mechanical signaling for bone modeling and remodeling","volume":"19","author":"Robling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib41","article-title":"Medium to long-term results of a recessed glenoid for glenoid resurfacing in total shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"11","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-3016-z","article-title":"Treatment of the trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis by arthroplasty with a pyrocarbon implant","volume":"40","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.07.019","article-title":"Shoulder arthroplasty for atraumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head","volume":"25","author":"Schoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.08.041","article-title":"Shoulder arthroplasty for post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head","volume":"25","author":"Schoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.03.013","article-title":"Minimum fifteen-year follow-up of Neer hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty in patients aged fifty years or younger","volume":"13","author":"Sperling","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.09.053","article-title":"Radiographic results of augmented all-polyethylene glenoids in the presence of posterior glenoid bone loss during total shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"26","author":"Stephens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193413479527","article-title":"Ten years' experience with a pyrocarbon prosthesis replacing the proximal interphalangeal joint. A prospective clinical and radiographic follow-up","volume":"39","author":"T\u00e4gil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib48","article-title":"Promising results after hemi shoulder arthroplasty using pyrolytic carbon heads in young and middle-aged patients","volume":"19","author":"Tsitlakidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2020.1793548","article-title":"Low arthroplasty survival after treatment for proximal humerus fracture sequelae: 3,245 shoulder replacements from the Nordic Arthroplasty Register Association","author":"Unbehaun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.06.018","article-title":"Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in the younger patient (\u226465 years): a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Vancolen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(99)90232-2","article-title":"Morphologic study of the glenoid in primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis","volume":"14","author":"Walch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"}],"container-title":["JSES International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638322001128?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638322001128?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T03:17:59Z","timestamp":1763003879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666638322001128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666638322001128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Midterm results of pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty: good outcomes after posttraumatic osteonecrosis without malunion of the tuberosities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}