{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:10:12Z","timestamp":1793067012944,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsesarthroplasty.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1724527460000},"page":"1275-1283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Upper limb functional testing: does age, gender, and sport influence performance?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7937-9863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille","family":"Tooth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7307-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Croisier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5778-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amandine","family":"Gofflot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Bornheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte","family":"Forthomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp122","article-title":"Muscle volume compared to cross-sectional area is more appropriate for evaluating muscle strength in young and elderly individuals","volume":"38","author":"Akagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000365","article-title":"The Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test: reliability of a novel upper body isometric strength test in elite rugby players","volume":"4","author":"Ashworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6040-50.1.14","article-title":"Adaptations of the shoulder to overhead throwing in youth athletes","volume":"50","author":"Astolfi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002177","article-title":"Is the normal shoulder rotation strength ratio altered in elite swimmers?","volume":"52","author":"Boettcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0573-1388","article-title":"Upper-extremity functional performance tests: reference values for overhead athletes","volume":"39","author":"Borms","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838010-00003","article-title":"Mobility and stability adaptations in the shoulder of the overhead athlete","volume":"38","author":"Borsa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200010000-00004","article-title":"Patterns of glenohumeral joint laxity and stiffness in healthy men and women","volume":"32","author":"Borsa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib8","article-title":"Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis in overhead and nonoverhead athletes: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Burn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2016.1222629","article-title":"The volleyball athlete\u2019s shoulder: biomechanical adaptations and injury associations","volume":"16","author":"Challoumas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports BioMech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.15.3.236","article-title":"Strength values of shoulder internal and external rotators in elite volleyball players","volume":"15","author":"van Cingel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2014.02.003","article-title":"Multidirectional instability in the female athlete","volume":"22","author":"Cody","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oper Tech Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib12","series-title":"Breakthrough swimming","author":"Colwin","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.01.009","article-title":"The \u201cupper limb rotation test\u201d: reliability and validity study of a new upper extremity physical performance test","volume":"42","author":"Decleve","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2021-0342","article-title":"Shoulder rotational strength and range of motion in unilateral and bilateral overhead elite athletes","volume":"31","author":"Drigny","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1312587","article-title":"Shoulder strength imbalances as injury risk in handball","volume":"34","author":"Edouard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(03)80009-9","article-title":"Age specific isokinetic glenohumeral internal and external rotation strength in elite junior tennis players","volume":"6","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.05.012","article-title":"An electromyography study of muscular endurance during the posterior shoulder endurance test","volume":"41","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221761","article-title":"Age and sex-related upper body performance differences in competitive young tennis players","volume":"14","author":"Fernandez-Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199621060-00004","article-title":"Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries","volume":"21","author":"Fleisig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838050-00002","article-title":"Scapular positioning in athlete\u2019s shoulder","volume":"38","author":"Forthomme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-2007-0273","article-title":"Field performance of javelin throwers: relationship with isokinetic findings","volume":"15","author":"Forthomme","year":"2007","journal-title":"Isokinet Exerc Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-216-16","article-title":"Preseason strength assessment of the rotator muscles and shoulder injury in handball players","volume":"53","author":"Forthomme","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318296128d","article-title":"Shoulder pain among high-level volleyball players and Preseason Features","volume":"45","author":"Forthomme","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2008.09.004","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in the shoulder and wrist joints of asymptomatic elite athletes","volume":"1","author":"Fredericson","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182472fdb","article-title":"Upper quarter Y balance test","volume":"26","author":"Gorman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.2007","article-title":"Relationship between timing of peak height velocity and pubertal staging in boys and girls","volume":"7","author":"Granados","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00020","article-title":"Circulating testosterone as the hormonal basis of sex differences in athletic performance","volume":"39","author":"Handelsman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111414175","article-title":"An 8-stage model for evaluating the tennis serve: implications for performance enhancement and injury prevention","volume":"3","author":"Kovacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0070(80)80005-2","article-title":"Normal ages of pubertal events among American males and females","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038830","article-title":"From children to adults: motor performance across the life-span","volume":"7","author":"Leversen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00828.x","article-title":"Eta squared, partial eta squared, and misreporting of effect size in communication research","volume":"28","author":"Levine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182891535","article-title":"Performance factors in women\u2019s team handball: physical and physiological aspects--a review","volume":"27","author":"Manchado","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib33","first-page":"35","article-title":"Tennis serve biomechanics in relation to ball velocity and upper limb joint injuries","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Sci Tennis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000102042","article-title":"The relationship between muscle cross-sectional area and strength in various isokinetic movements among soccer players","volume":"21","author":"Masuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sports Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400410","article-title":"Posterior shoulder laxity in asymptomatic athletes","volume":"24","author":"McFarland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kinematics and performance of team-handball throwing: effects of age and skill level","volume":"3","author":"Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports BioMech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib37","first-page":"104","article-title":"Can upper extremity functional tests predict the softball throw for distance: a predictive validity investigation","volume":"6","author":"Negrete","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002050","article-title":"Determinant factors of physical performance and specific throwing in handball players of different ages","volume":"32","author":"Ortega-Becerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300030801","article-title":"Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of College Baseball Pitchers","volume":"30","author":"Osbahr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.12.003","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a return to sports testing battery for the shoulder","volume":"48","author":"Popchak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.11.010","article-title":"Risk factors for volleyball-related shoulder pain and dysfunction","volume":"2","author":"Reeser","year":"2010","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2022.10952","article-title":"2022 Bern consensus statement on shoulder injury prevention, rehabilitation, and return to sport for athletes at all participation levels","volume":"52","author":"Schwank","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-216-17","article-title":"Spiking kinematics in volleyball players with shoulder pain","volume":"54","author":"Shih","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.023408","article-title":"Shoulder strength profile in elite junior tennis players: horizontal adduction and abduction isokinetic evaluation","volume":"40","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140701491500","article-title":"A\u00a0three-dimensional analysis of the contributions of upper limb joint movements to horizontal racket head velocity at ball impact during tennis serving","volume":"6","author":"Tanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports BioMech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.06.023","article-title":"The kinematics of 1-on-1 rugby tackling: a study using 3-dimensional motion analysis","volume":"28","author":"Tanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.19.2.125","article-title":"Change in glenohumeral rotation and scapular position after competitive high school baseball","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e32835d0b87","article-title":"Adaptive changes in the dominant shoulders of female professional overhead athletes","volume":"36","author":"Tonin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.22.13422-5","article-title":"The influence of growth and development on shoulder rotators strength in young male and female elite tennis players","author":"Tooth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.08.003","article-title":"The Modified-Athletic Shoulder Test: reliability and validity of a new on-field assessment tool","author":"Tooth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738120931764","article-title":"Risk factors of Overuse shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Tooth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib52","article-title":"Upper limb functional testing in athletes: a Delphi study","author":"Tooth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001446","article-title":"Activation profile of scapular stabilizing muscles in asymptomatic people. Does scapular dyskinesis have an impact on its?","volume":"99","author":"Tooth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2023.03.022","article-title":"Preseason shoulder screening in volleyball players: is there any change during season? 2023","volume":"7","author":"Tooth","year":"2023","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib55","unstructured":"Tooth C. Assessing the sporting shoulder: a critical analysis of the current tools [Doctoral thesis, ULi\u00e8geUniversit\u00e8 de Li\u00e8ge], 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098547","article-title":"Do not throw the baby out with the bathwater; screening can identify meaningful risk factors for sports injuries","volume":"52","author":"Verhagen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.12.004","article-title":"Analysis of the presence and influence of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit on posterior stiffness and isometric shoulder rotators strength ratio in recreational and amateur handball players","volume":"42","author":"Vigolvino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01503.x","article-title":"Upper-body kinematics in team-handball throw, tennis serve, and volleyball spike","volume":"24","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177_bib59","first-page":"139","article-title":"Exploration of the y-balance test for assessment of upper quarter closed kinetic chain performance","volume":"7","author":"Westrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"}],"container-title":["JSES International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638324003670?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638324003670?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T04:17:10Z","timestamp":1734063430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666638324003670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666638324003670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Upper limb functional testing: does age, gender, and sport influence performance?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2024.08.177","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}