{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:26:36Z","timestamp":1780061196745,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsesarthroplasty.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T01:20:00Z","timestamp":1746062400000},"page":"1474-1480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pathomechanics of glenohumeral capsule and scapula in idiopathic frozen shoulder: a study using a three-dimensional finite element model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prince Shanavas","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yon-Sik","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5957-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayyappan V.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Wook","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aebel","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreehari","family":"C K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3285.1132","article-title":"Recurrent or habitual dislocation of the shoulder-joint","volume":"2","author":"Bankart","year":"1923","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18002610104","article-title":"The pathology and treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder-joint","volume":"26","author":"Bankart","year":"1938","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib3","first-page":"12","article-title":"Scapular-positioning patterns during humeral elevation in unimpaired shoulders","volume":"38","author":"Borsa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib4","first-page":"210","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: unravelling the enigma","volume":"79","author":"Bunker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib5","first-page":"595","article-title":"Shoulder movements during abduction in the scapular plane","volume":"51","author":"Doody","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840903317378","article-title":"Maximum principal strains in the glenohumeral capsule during a clinical exam: a validated finite element model","volume":"13","author":"Ellis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib7","first-page":"693","article-title":"Analysis of the scapulo-humeral rhythm for periarthritis scapulohumeralis","volume":"65","author":"Eto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nihon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.09.004","article-title":"Three-dimensional scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm in patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis or frozen shoulder","volume":"41","author":"Fayad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B7.19097","article-title":"The pathology of frozen shoulder","volume":"89","author":"Hand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.08.023","article-title":"Current review of adhesive capsulitis","volume":"20","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(93)90037-I","article-title":"A method for the measurement of three-dimensional scapular movement","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092425","article-title":"Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: the 2013 consensus statement from the 'Scapular Summit'","volume":"47","author":"Kibler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198307000-00016","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: arthrographic diagnosis and treatment","volume":"76","author":"Loyd","year":"1983","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2808","article-title":"The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies","volume":"39","author":"Ludewig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1394197","article-title":"Total strain fields of the antero-inferior shoulder capsule under subluxation: a stereoradiogrammetric study","volume":"123","author":"Malicky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20685","article-title":"The current anatomical description of the inferior glenohumeral ligament does not correlate with its functional role in positions of external rotation","volume":"26","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30374-6","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis","volume":"18","author":"Neviaser","year":"1987","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201109000-00004","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder","volume":"19","author":"Neviaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199005000-00016","article-title":"Contracture of the shoulder","author":"Nobuhara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800501","article-title":"The anatomy and histology of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex of the shoulder","volume":"18","author":"O'Brien","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971100-00009","article-title":"Recalcitrant chronic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Role of contracture of the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval in pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"71","author":"Ozaki","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-021-00351-3","article-title":"Clinical guidelines in the management of frozen shoulder: an update!","volume":"55","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19890601-13","article-title":"Frozen shoulder. Part I: chronology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Parker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/ar.1999.v15.0150002","article-title":"An arthroscopic technique for treating patients with frozen shoulder","volume":"15","author":"Pearsall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4406","article-title":"The rotator interval: a review of anatomy, function, and normal and abnormal MRI appearance","volume":"195","author":"Petchprapa","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-8-49","article-title":"The reliability of three-dimensional scapular attitudes in healthy people and people with shoulder impingement syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2121","article-title":"Alterations in scapular kinematics in subjects with idiopathic loss of shoulder range of motion","volume":"37","author":"Rundquist","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00359-9","article-title":"Shoulder kinematics in subjects with frozen shoulder","volume":"84","author":"Rundquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274050-00013","article-title":"Frozen shoulder. A long-term follow-up","volume":"74","author":"Shaffer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900105","article-title":"The stabilizing function of passive shoulder restraints","volume":"19","author":"Terry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.2.115","article-title":"Measurement of three dimensional shoulder movement patterns with an electromagnetic tracking device in patients with a frozen shoulder","volume":"61","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib32","series-title":"The shoulder","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.07.008","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: a consensus definition","volume":"20","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.09.004","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000}},{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.09.004","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000}}],"container-title":["JSES International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638325001057?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638325001057?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T20:37:45Z","timestamp":1768768665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666638325001057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666638325001057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathomechanics of glenohumeral capsule and scapula in idiopathic frozen shoulder: a study using a three-dimensional finite element model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2025.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}