{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1778923078917,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jsesarthroplasty.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:28:22Z","timestamp":1771028902000},"page":"101670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shoulder proprioceptive sense of force in chronic anterior instability: performance and clinical associations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9590-1908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Amen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Van Cant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.104.4.1297-1309","article-title":"Age-related differences in upper limb proprioceptive acuity","volume":"104","author":"Adamo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2019-0400","article-title":"Can a conservative rehabilitation strategy improve shoulder proprioception? A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Ager","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib3","article-title":"Measuring upper limb active joint position sense: introducing a new clinical tool - the Upper Limb Proprioception Reaching Test","volume":"66","author":"Ager","year":"2023","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.05.003","article-title":"Shoulder proprioception: how is it measured and is it reliable? A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Ager","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.129585","article-title":"Assessing shoulder proprioceptive sense of force: hand-held dynamometer reliability and comparison with isokinetic protocols","volume":"20","author":"Amen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.12.014","article-title":"The number of subjects per variable required in linear regression analyses","volume":"68","author":"Austin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s004020000245","article-title":"Shoulder proprioception: a comparison between the shoulder joint in healthy and surgically repaired shoulders","volume":"121","author":"Aydin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095850","article-title":"Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition-narrative review and new concept","volume":"50","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00035-X","article-title":"Relationship between two proprioceptive measures and stiffness at the ankle","volume":"14","author":"Docherty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2023.2280260","article-title":"Influence of proprioceptive inputs and force feedback modality on force reproduction performance","volume":"56","author":"E\u015frefo\u011flu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2008.01.013","article-title":"Reliability, validity and responsiveness of the French version of the questionnaire Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and hand in shoulder disorders","volume":"14","author":"Fayad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2014.08.006","article-title":"The effects of shoulder injury on kinaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Fyhr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091248","article-title":"Effects of a novel proprioceptive rehabilitation device on shoulder joint position sense, pain and function","volume":"58","author":"Gliga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-022-06311-z","article-title":"Effects of tendon vibration and age on force reproduction task performed with wrist flexors","volume":"240","author":"Henry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2009.10.001","article-title":"Evaluation of shoulder joint position sense in both asymptomatic and rehabilitated professional rugby players and matched controls","volume":"11","author":"Herrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.04.001","article-title":"The measurement of proprioceptive accuracy: a systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Horv\u00e1th","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110236","article-title":"Shoulder position sense during passive matching and active positioning tasks in individuals with anterior shoulder instability","volume":"92","author":"Hung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00809.2021","article-title":"Proprioception: a new look at an old concept","volume":"132","author":"H\u00e9roux","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90919-2","article-title":"Force sensation in isometric contractions: a relative force effect","volume":"244","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.071183","article-title":"A new classification system for shoulder instability","volume":"44","author":"Kuhn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5704\/MOJ.2203.014","article-title":"The painful anterior apprehension Test - an indication of occult shoulder instability","volume":"16","author":"Law","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malays Orthop J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(09)80022-0","article-title":"Proprioception of the shoulder joint in healthy, unstable, and surgically repaired shoulders","volume":"3","author":"Lephart","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-022-00470-2","article-title":"Translation and validation of the shoulder instability-return to sport after injury (SIRSI) score in French","volume":"9","author":"Louati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.08.034","article-title":"Bilateral shoulder proprioception deficit in unilateral anterior shoulder instability","volume":"28","author":"Lubiatowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-017-9449-9","article-title":"Current concepts in rehabilitation for traumatic anterior shoulder instability","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.04.002","article-title":"Sensorimotor contribution to shoulder stability: effect of injury and rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Myers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2015.2508799","article-title":"Force reproduction error depends on force level, whereas the position reproduction error does not","volume":"9","author":"Onneweer","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Haptics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506295179","article-title":"The incidence and characteristics of shoulder instability at the United States Military Academy","volume":"35","author":"Owens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573214532436","article-title":"Physiotherapists use of and perspectives on the importance of patient-reported outcome measures for shoulder dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Payne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shoulder Elbow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2016.10.024","article-title":"Translation and validation of the French version of the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI): WOSI-Fr","volume":"103","author":"Perrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force","volume":"92","author":"Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib32","first-page":"71","article-title":"The sensorimotor system, part I: the physiologic basis of functional joint stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.09.010","article-title":"Recovery of shoulder strength and proprioception after open surgery for recurrent anterior instability: a comparison of two surgical techniques","volume":"19","author":"Rokito","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.84","article-title":"Strength training and shoulder proprioception","volume":"50","author":"Salles","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120985207","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis, shoulder joint position sense, and functional level after Arthroscopic Bankart repair","volume":"9","author":"Sayaca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/69.2.106","article-title":"Shoulder kinesthesia after anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation","volume":"69","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2020.10.027","article-title":"Preoperative and postoperative shoulder position sense in patients who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair for traumatic shoulder joint instability","volume":"5","author":"Tsuda","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.830166","article-title":"The effectiveness of proprioceptive training for improving motor performance and motor dysfunction: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Winter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2003.4","article-title":"The effect of instability and subsequent anterior shoulder repair on proprioceptive ability","volume":"12","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"}],"container-title":["JSES International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638326000551?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638326000551?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:01:34Z","timestamp":1778922094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666638326000551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666638326000551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Shoulder proprioceptive sense of force in chronic anterior instability: performance and clinical associations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101670","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101670"}}