{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:19:57Z","timestamp":1788970797260,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jsesarthroplasty.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:17:50Z","timestamp":1783379870000},"page":"101759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is it relevant to distinguish scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM) type in professional overhead athletes?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6044-5907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8769-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Pietto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5533-8223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Rusconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Lanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9922-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"de Giovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500504","article-title":"Shoulder motion and laxity in the professional baseball player","volume":"25","author":"Bigliani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115627608","article-title":"Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis in overhead and nonoverhead athletes: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Burn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.08.001","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis after Latarjet procedure","volume":"25","author":"Carbone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093702","article-title":"Reduced glenohumeral rotation, external rotation weakness and scapular dyskinesis are risk factors for shoulder injuries among elite male handball players: a prospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Clarsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507303560","article-title":"Rehabilitation of scapular muscle balance: which exercises to prescribe?","volume":"35","author":"Cools","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231188530","article-title":"Arthroscopic latarjet versus arthroscopic free bone block procedures for anterior shoulder instability: a proportional meta-analysis comparing recurrence, complication, and reoperation rates","volume":"52","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-024-00834-0","article-title":"Breaking the operator variability in Kibler's scapular dyskinesis assessment","volume":"108","author":"D'Antonio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.10.046","article-title":"Outcome of arthroscopic pectoralis minor release and scapulopexy for the management of scapulothoracic abnormal motion","volume":"31","author":"Elhassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2216-0","article-title":"Reliability of scapular classification in examination of professional baseball players","volume":"470","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib11","series-title":"The EQUATOR network reporting guideline platform [Internet]","article-title":"The STROBE reporting checklist","author":"von Elm","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939070-00004","article-title":"Shoulder muscle recruitment patterns and related biomechanics during upper extremity sports","volume":"39","author":"Escamilla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5152\/j.aott.2024.24066","article-title":"A comprehensive review of scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM): evaluation, classification, and treatment strategies","volume":"58","author":"Gedik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097559","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis increases the risk of future shoulder pain by 43% in asymptomatic athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Hickey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2004.10.005","article-title":"Shoulder muscle activity during pushing, pulling, elevation and overhead throw","volume":"15","author":"Illy\u00e9s","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23802","article-title":"Effect of generalized joint hypermobility on knee function and muscle activation in children and adults","volume":"48","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260022801","article-title":"The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function","volume":"26","author":"Kibler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092425","article-title":"Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: the 2013 consensus statement from the 'Scapular Summit'","volume":"47","author":"Kibler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.0303","article-title":"Scapular summit 2009: introduction","volume":"39","author":"Kibler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200303000-00008","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain","volume":"11","author":"Kibler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-20-06-364","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder injury","volume":"20","author":"Kibler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.126766","article-title":"Qualitative clinical evaluation of scapular dysfunction: a reliability study","volume":"11","author":"Kibler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib23","first-page":"181","article-title":"Differences in shoulder muscle activity between patients with generalized joint laxity and normal controls","author":"Kronberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.002","article-title":"Serratus anterior dysfunction examination: wall push-up or shoulder flexion resistance test?","volume":"6","author":"Lohre","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182041de0","article-title":"Training induces scapular dyskinesis in pain-free competitive swimmers: a reliability and observational study","volume":"21","author":"Madsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib26","first-page":"303","article-title":"Accuracy of measuring scapular position and motion with a novel motion capture system","volume":"3","author":"Mantovani","year":"2023","journal-title":"JSES Rev Rep Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00313","article-title":"Swimmer's shoulder: painful shoulder in the competitive swimmer","volume":"24","author":"Matzkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.2.160","article-title":"A clinical method for identifying scapular dyskinesis, part 1: reliability","volume":"44","author":"McClure","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jses.2017.10.001","article-title":"Smartphone applications for the evaluation of pathologic shoulder range of motion and shoulder scores-a comparative study","volume":"2","author":"Mejia-Hernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"JSES Open Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.12.029","article-title":"Scapular dysfunction in high school baseball players sustaining throwing-related upper extremity injury: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Myers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.04.010","article-title":"Association between kyphosis and subacromial impingement syndrome: LOHAS study","volume":"23","author":"Otoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.70060","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis is common among asymptomatic European basketball players at the professional level","volume":"33","author":"Paksoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-016-0416-1","article-title":"Can posterior capsular stretching rehabilitation protocol change scapula kinematics in asymptomatic baseball pitchers?","volume":"100","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3731-4","article-title":"Prospective multifactorial analysis of preseason risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers","volume":"25","author":"Shitara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2003.11.001","article-title":"Knee joint laxity affects muscle activation patterns in the healthy knee","volume":"14","author":"Shultz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib36","article-title":"Isokinetic force-power profile of the shoulder joint in males participating in CrossFit training and competing at different levels","volume":"17","author":"Torres-Banduc","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.06.007","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical assessment methods for scapular dyskinesis","volume":"25","author":"Uhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.18.07973-2","article-title":"Are there bilateral isokinetic shoulder rotator differences in basketball male players?","volume":"58","author":"Weissland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384223","article-title":"Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotational motion to shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"39","author":"Wilk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1123\/JAB.2014-0068","article-title":"Comparative electromyography analysis of the upper extremity between inexperienced and elite water polo players during an overhead shot","volume":"31","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199601000-00009","article-title":"Comparison of glenohumeral joint laxity in elite and recreational swimmers","volume":"6","author":"Zemek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"}],"container-title":["JSES International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638326001441?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666638326001441?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:00:18Z","timestamp":1788969618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666638326001441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666638326001441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Is it relevant to distinguish scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM) type in professional overhead athletes?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseint.2026.101759","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101759"}}