{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:29:39Z","timestamp":1782728979460,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005725","name":"National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MED511\\u201302\\u201308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED511\\u201302\\u201308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","sleep.theclinics.com","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sleep Medicine Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T04:07:34Z","timestamp":1774238854000},"page":"209-221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gender Disparities in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hamza O.","family":"Dhafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"BaHammam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws342","article-title":"Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults","volume":"177","author":"Peppard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf057","article-title":"Long-term welfare consequences of sleep apnea in 20-64-year-olds-influence of gender: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Jennum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaf068","article-title":"The gender gap in obstructive sleep apnea: unmasking the disproportionate costs on women","volume":"48","author":"BaHammam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00243-7","article-title":"Projecting the 30-year burden of obstructive sleep apnoea in the USA: a prospective modelling study","author":"Boers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib5","series-title":"International classification of sleep disorders \u2013 third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR)","year":"2023"},{"issue":"151","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0097-2018","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Masa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s41782-023-00243-6","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation in obesity hypoventilation syndrome: what practitioners need to know?","volume":"7","author":"Al-Abri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep and Vigilance"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.27","article-title":"The clinical characteristics and hospital and post-hospital survival of patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome: analysis of a large cohort","volume":"2","author":"Marik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity Science & Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03148-4","article-title":"Comparison of physical activity and quality of life between obese individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and individuals with obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Karkala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2174\/1874306401913010051","article-title":"Is obesity hypoventilation syndrome A postmenopausal disorder?","volume":"13","author":"BaHammam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Respir Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.10.002","article-title":"Gender differences in outcomes of ambulatory and hospitalized patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"167","author":"Nowalk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08953-9","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in an Indian cohort with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"15","author":"Isaac","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.068","article-title":"Long-term noninvasive ventilation in obesity hypoventilation syndrome without severe OSA: the pickwick randomized controlled trial","volume":"158","author":"Masa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12400","article-title":"Gender differences in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"25","author":"BaHammam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.08.022","article-title":"Obesity-associated hypoventilation in hospitalized patients: prevalence, effects, and outcome","volume":"116","author":"Nowbar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.587","article-title":"Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"128","author":"P\u00e9rez de Llano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1179\/2047480615Z.000000000329","article-title":"Writing narrative style literature reviews","volume":"24","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Writ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2009.05.004","article-title":"The pickwickian syndrome-obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Littleton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpae033","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, literature review","volume":"5","author":"Orozco Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Adv"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.03.042","article-title":"The obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Olson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.2.9991","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in a large sample of Saudi patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"36","author":"BaHammam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2014.05.007","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome epidemiology and diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Balachandran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5398460","article-title":"Characteristics of Obese patients with acute Hypercapnia respiratory failure admitted in the department of pneumology: an observational Study of a North African population","volume":"2022","author":"Msaad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066612444261","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with the \u201cmalignant obesity hypoventilation syndrome\u201d admitted to an ICU","volume":"28","author":"Marik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1962.00450240049006","article-title":"Periodic alteration of consciousness in the \u201cpickwickian\u201d syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Drachman","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103381","article-title":"Factors associated with the efficiency of home non-invasive ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome in Martinique","volume":"12","author":"Agossou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.11.010","article-title":"Gender differences in patients starting long-term home mechanical ventilation due to obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Palm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.456","article-title":"Sex differences in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome: do they really exist?","volume":"5","author":"Arish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90116-G","article-title":"Effects of domperidone and medroxyprogesterone acetate on ventilation in man","volume":"81","author":"Javaheri","year":"1990","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00099401","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone in postmenopausal females with partial upper airway obstruction during sleep","volume":"18","author":"Saaresranta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1986.133.1.46","article-title":"Differential depression of hypoglossal nerve activity by alcohol. Protection by pretreatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate","volume":"133","author":"St John","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000130","article-title":"Short-term medroxyprogesterone acetate in postmenopausal women with sleep-disordered breathing: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study","volume":"21","author":"Anttalainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab046","article-title":"Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep in db\/db mice","volume":"44","author":"Pho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5762","article-title":"Localizing effects of leptin on upper airway and respiratory control during sleep","volume":"39","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00678.x","article-title":"Mechanisms behind gender differences in circulating leptin levels","volume":"247","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac153","article-title":"Leptin-mediated neural targets in obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Amorim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S263959","article-title":"Prevalence of hypothyroidism in a large sample of patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"12","author":"BaHammam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90066-6","article-title":"Prediction and reversal of blunted ventilatory responsiveness in patients with hypothyroidism","volume":"84","author":"Ladenson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib39","series-title":"Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. StatPearls. StatPearls publishing copyright \u00a9 2025","author":"Ghimire","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.22.08261-1","article-title":"Gender differences in obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Barbagelata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06901","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure in obesity-hypoventilation syndrome managed in the ICU","volume":"64","author":"Chebib","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201905-1071ST","article-title":"Evaluation and management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. An official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"200","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0384","article-title":"Positive airway pressure titration in obesity hypoventilation syndrome: continuous positive airway pressure or bilevel positive airway pressure","volume":"131","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib44","article-title":"Effects of sex, age, and body mass index on serum bicarbonate","volume":"2doi","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Sleep"},{"issue":"10182","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32978-7","article-title":"Long-term clinical effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure therapy versus non-invasive ventilation therapy in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"393","author":"Masa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201912-887OC","article-title":"The effect of hospital discharge with empiric noninvasive ventilation on mortality in hospitalized patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. An individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.03.21","article-title":"The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a prospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Almeneessier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202402-224OC","article-title":"Home mechanical ventilation and risk of hospitalization in obesity hypoventilation syndrome: the population-based DISCOVERY study","volume":"22","author":"Einarsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052006","article-title":"Comorbidities and mortality in hypercapnic obese under domiciliary noninvasive ventilation","volume":"8","author":"Borel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S290349","article-title":"Long-term adherence to positive airway pressure therapy in Saudi ambulatory patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome and severe obstructive sleep apnea: a one-year Follow-Up prospective observational study","volume":"13","author":"Almeneessier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11750","article-title":"Impact of bariatric surgery on the resolution of obesity hypoventilation syndrome at one-year follow-up: a retrospective study","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1101OC","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure caused by obesity hypoventilation syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"186","author":"Carrillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Sleep Medicine Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1556407X26000056?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1556407X26000056?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T19:35:42Z","timestamp":1779219342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1556407X26000056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1556407X26000056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-407X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-407X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gender Disparities in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sleep Medicine Clinics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsmc.2026.02.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}